Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent seizures, encompasses various complex syndromes with varied origins. To unravel the intricate biology of epilepsy and explore novel Antiseizure treatments, researchers have developed over 100 in vitro and in vivo epilepsy models, each simulating different seizure types. These experimental models serve as indispensable tools for investigating the neurochemical, neurophysiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms governing epileptic seizures, offering a comprehensive understanding of this condition. This article provides a comprehensive overview of diverse experimental models crucial for studying Antiseizure Medication and seizures, including Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure (GTCS), Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE), Absence Seizure, Myoclonus, and Status Epilepticus (SE) Models. Researchers leverage these models to gain critical insights into epilepsy’s underlying causes, available therapies, and potential therapeutic targets. The study digs into a thorough analysis of the benefits and drawbacks related to various chemical models used in epilepsy treatment. This dual approach adds to the continuing discussion in epilepsy research by clarifying the complicated issues surrounding therapeutic strategies and improving our understanding of the complexity of epilepsy. This article includes discusses GTCS, SE, and TLE subtypes such as WAG/Rij rats, coriaria lactone-induced TLE, pilocarpine-induced TLE, Tottering 6j mouse, GHB-induced seizure model, PTZ-induced model, NMDA-induced seizure models, and flurothyl-induced seizure model. Penicillin-induced TLE, Theiler’s virus-induced TLE, and many more.

Neurodegenerative disorders are common among the elderly. They possess a tremendous therapeutic challenge for drug development and tackling the disease. Alzheimer's ranks as the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting the elderly population. Developing therapeutics is still a challenge despite advancements in the medical sciences. Replacing the small molecules that are used for Alzheimer's today, numerous Monoclonal antibodies and vaccines are tried that targets explicitly the disease pathology, either beta-amyloid or Tau aggregation. In this review, we try to shed light on the existing small molecule therapeutics and the recent advances with insights into Monoclonal antibodies and clinical trials.

Purinergic receptors are the ones that use nucleotides as their agonists or antagonists. They have crucial role in platelets. Their physiological role as well as pharmacological target for antiplatelet drugs are well established and they have immense applications in clinical practice. But today the same purinergic receptors over platelets were identified elsewhere and they have been implicated in various health conditions. So, this review focuses to explain the non-thrombotic uses of platelet purinergic receptors

Abstract: Background: Plasma kinins are known for decades but the understanding of them is not up-to the mark and the complexity is the reason. There are many drugs and trials undertaken with these as drug targets but only very few have been successfully marketed and used. Rest all others have resulted in failure during various phases of the trial. Purpose: The purpose of this review is to explain and explore the complexity of plasma kinins and to explore the relations between Kinins and to analyse the failures in drug development with these receptors as targets. Implication: This extensive review might help in understanding the complexity and ensure the reduction of drug development failures in these molecules as drug targets Conclusion: kinins have important role in homeostatic functions of the body physiologically. The pathophysiological roles in inflammation are also known. The complexity of these systems is well established.