The initial list of Essential Water Variables (EWVs) evolved from wide meta-surveys of water data needs for research and applications that were carried out in 2010 to support GEO Societal Benefit Areas (SBAs). These EWVs were formalized in the Group on Earth Observations System of Systems (GEOSS) Water Strategy Report (WSR) “From Observations to Decisions”, released in 2014. Subsequently, discussions with additional user communities have augmented the list, for example with Surface Water Extent. Besides “primary” EWVs that identify key water variables, including precipitation, soil moisture, and water quality, a set of “supplementary” EWVs is also needed to complete the information that the formal list of primary EWVs should provide, such as Digital Elevation Models. It is clear that all available observing systems, employing both remote sensing and in situ observing instruments and networks are required to address the range of space/time resolutions, accuracies, and data latencies that the end-user applications require. In fact, there are still gaps in our ability to deliver all variables as required. In some cases this is a technical challenge, such as remote sensing capabilities for some water quality variables, while in many other cases it is a matter of administrative and resource challenges. This paper summarizes EWVs as currently defined and required by key end-user research and applications sectors. As a follow up to the WSR, we highlight the relevance of EWVs to the indicator monitoring objectives of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), various international Conventions and Frameworks, and the GEO Global Water Sustainability (GEOGloWS) priority thematic communities.

Development is well-advanced for the next version of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG), labeled Version 07. IMERG is a key output of the U.S. GPM Science Team, and V07 will be the second generation in which data from both the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and GPM projects are combined into a single, uniformly processed record, currently starting in June 2000. This presentation will show several examples of successes and challenges in V06, and use these to illuminate the upgrades that have been pursued for V07. For example, the V06 IMERG near-real-time products (Early and Late Runs) show regional biases because they do not have climatological calibration (despite the documentation), and this will be done in V07. As well, the time series of precipitation-rate histograms shows a seam in the transition from TRMM calibration to GPM Core Observatory calibration at the start of June 2014. V07 will benefit from better continuity in the input calibration datasets across that boundary. A third issue is that the Kalman filter used in IMERG a) introduces a variable amount of smoothing, and b) depends on relatively simple measures of input data quality. Both of these are revisited in V07. We will report the status of IMERG Version 07 processing as of the conference time, and introduce some topics that are being considered for the future, including improved uncertainty estimates, addition of sub-monthly gauge information, and strategies for incorporating precipitation estimates from multiple, relatively short-lived small satellites.