Understanding marine soundscapes, including the biological, anthropogenic, and geological sounds, is essential to conserving protected species and their habitats. However, the marine resource managers often do not have a strong science background to interpret complicated soundscape data to facilitate them making decisions. The biological components of soundscapes can be useful to characterize biodiversity and monitor the distribution and behavior of individual species. Anthropogenic sound in the ocean is increasing and has been recognized as a threat to marine mammals for decades. To help the marine resource managers and the general public understand the impacts of ocean noise, we as nine undergraduate students from different majors of study at UC Berkeley’s Fung Fellowship Program utilized Human-Centered Design and created an interactive marine soundscape map (https://calsound.herokuapp.com), focusing on the California Current Ecosystem. Based on 14 interviews we conducted with researchers, policymakers, and environmental lobbyists, we decided to portray spectral soundscape metrics alongside the context of animal and human activities in a map format. We then created a digital hub to easily visualize, analyze, and synthesize marine-sourced soundscape data. Our website displays soundscape data over a range of spatial and temporal scales, acoustic detections of marine mammals, species habitat models, and anthropogenic sound source distributions as heat map layers and graphs. The platform not only displays ocean soundscape data, but also provides an overview of marine soundscape technology, as well as related articles and websites. The website is designed so that users who are not familiar with marine soundscape data, such as coastal managers and the public, can guide themselves through a tutorial and explore on their own to gain a better understanding of oceanographic sound. In the future, we will add more features to the website, such as allowing users to upload their own data to the website to visualize them online. The website will be self-sustainable and continue to serve more people. Our website will facilitate people to visualize and understand marine soundscapes, their impacts and our solutions.

We describe new cosmogenic Be-10 and C-14 exposure age dating on previously glaciated bedrock samples from Lyell Canyon as constraints to model the glacier’s rate and timing of thinning and retreat after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Close analysis of deglaciation following the LGM (22-12 ka) can offer insight into how glacier retreat proceeds in a warming climate. The extent and age of the LGM glaciation in Yosemite National Park, California are relatively well-constrained. Our new exposure ages from Yosemite can quantify the change of the glaciation after the LGM. This is important because the rate and timing of glacier retreat after the LGM allows us to learn about the LGM-Holocene climate transition. We collected 16 granodiorite bedrock samples from the Lyell Canyon walls in three vertical transects: at the end, in the middle, and near the head of Lyell Canyon. Sample elevations range from 2781m to 3388m. The samples are being processed for cosmogenic Be-10 and C-14 concentrations (for the lower and higher elevations in the transects, respectively). Together with previously acquired Be-10 exposure ages from glacial polished bedrock and boulders at the canyon floor, our vertical transects will help to define the relationship between glacier retreat and thinning along the valley. The combination of different nuclide measurements has the potential to reveal whether the glacier melted rapidly or went through multiple thinning and thickening cycles. We created several simple forward models of cosmogenic Be-10 and C-14 exposure ages on the valley wall for different glacier thinning patterns: (i) rapid thinning, (ii) thinning and thickening cycles during the melting, (iii) thickening first, followed by thinning, and (iv) breaking an upper small cirque glacier from the main glacier during the thinning. After we have obtained all our data, we will compare the exposure age data to our modeled scenarios, as well as local paleoclimate records, to quantify the glacier’s geometry and mass balance during the climate warming period. Understanding the timing, rates, and patterns of LGM retreat and thinning constitute a useful test case that aids mountain glacier melting predictions and water budget planning under contemporary climate change in analogous environments.