Background and purpose The translation of new injectable anaesthetic drugs from rodent to humans remains slow, despite the realisation that reliance on the volatile agents is unsustainable from an environmental perspective. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of rat sex and strain on the PK and PD of the anaesthetic neurosteroid alfaxalone. Experimental approach Forty rats had cannulas inserted under isoflurane anaesthesia for drug administration and sampling. Carotid artery blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis, haematology, biochemistry, and plasma concentrations of alfaxalone. Plasma samples were assayed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compartmental non-linear mixed effects methods (NLME) models were applied to two rat populations to determine whether body weight, sex and strain influenced PK parameters Key Results There were significant differences between the sexes for plasma clearance, half-life and mean residence time in Lewis rats and mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in the female rats at 120 minutes. An initial NLME PK population model was used to design an adjusted alfaxalone infusion for SD females matching plasma concentrations in males and minimising cardiopulmonary depression but maintaining an appropriate hypnotic effect. A final NLME population model showed that alfaxalone clearance was dependent on both bodyweight and sex whereas volume of distribution was influenced by strain. Conclusion and implications NLME PK models offer the advantage of having a single model that describes a population and therefore shares data interpretation between animals unlike the standard deterministic PK approach. This approach can be used to propose bespoke dosing regimens for optimal use of alphaxalone.