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\begin{document}

\title{Evaluating Proton Intensities for the SMILE Mission}



\author[1]{Simon Patrick Mischel}%
\author[2]{Elena A. Kronberg}%
\author[3]{Christopher Philippe Escoubet}%
\affil[1]{Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München}%
\affil[2]{Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich}%
\affil[3]{ESA / ESTEC}%


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  \date{May 30, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
This study introduces five linear regression models developed to
accurately predict proton intensities in the critical energy range of
92.2 keV to 159.7 keV. To achieve this task we utilized 14 years of data
sourced from the Cluster's RAPID experiment and NASA's OMNI database.
This data was then aligned with the Solar wind-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere
Link Explorer (SMILE) mission's trajectory, to increase model accuracy
in the relevant regions. Our approach diverges from existing
methodologies by offering a user-friendly model that doesn't require
specialized software, making it accessible for broader applications in
satellite mission planning and risk assessment. The research segregates
the dataset into four distinct regions, each analyzed for proton
intensity dynamics. In the outer regions (\textbar{}YGSE\textbar{} [?] 6
Re) there is a pronounced dependence on radial distance and solar wind
speed. In contrast, the inner regions (\textbar{}YGSE\textbar{} [?] 6 Re)
demonstrate a significant dependence of proton intensities on the
absolute value of the z-coordinate and the magnetic field line topology.
Our models achieved a Spearman correlation ranging from 0.57 to 0.72 on
the test set, indicating good predictive capabilities. The findings
emphasize the role of regional characteristics in space weather
prediction and underscore the potential for tailored approaches in
future research.%
\end{abstract}%



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