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\begin{document}

\title{Domestication and evolutionary histories of specialized gut symbionts
across cephalotine ants}



\author[1]{Christian Cabuslay}%
\author[2]{John Wertz}%
\author[1]{Benoît Béchade}%
\author[1]{Yi Hu}%
\author[1]{Sonali Braganza}%
\author[1]{Daniel Freeman}%
\author[1]{Shreyansh Pradhan}%
\author[1]{Maria Mukhanova}%
\author[3]{Scott Powell}%
\author[4]{Corrie Moreau}%
\author[1]{Jacob Russell}%
\affil[1]{Drexel University}%
\affil[2]{Calvin University}%
\affil[3]{George Washington University}%
\affil[4]{Cornell University}%


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  \date{May 22, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The evolution of animals and their gut symbionts is a complex
phenomenon, obscured by lability and diversity. In social organisms,
transmission of symbionts among relatives may yield systems with more
stable associations. Here we study the history of a social insect
symbiosis involving cephalotine ants and their extracellular gut
bacteria, which come predominantly from host-specialized lineages. We
perform multi-locus phylogenetics for symbionts from nine bacterial
orders, and map prior amplicon sequence data to lineage-assigned
symbiont genomes, studying distributions of rigorously defined symbionts
across 20 host species. Based on monophyly and additional hypothesis
testing, we estimate that these specialized gut bacteria belong to 18
distinct lineages, of which 15 have been successfully isolated and
cultured. Several symbiont lineages showed evidence for domestication
events that occurred later in cephalotine evolutionary history, and only
one lineage was ubiquitously detected in all 20 host species and 48
colonies sampled with amplicon 16S rRNA sequencing. We found evidence
for phylogenetically constrained distributions in four symbionts,
suggesting historical or genetic impacts on community composition. Two
lineages showed evidence for frequent intra-lineage co-infections,
highlighting the potential for niche divergence after initial
domestication. Nearly all symbionts showed evidence for occasional host
switching, but four may, more often, co-diversify with their hosts.
Through our further assessment of symbiont localization and genomic
functional profiles, we demonstrate distinct niches for symbionts with
shared evolutionary histories, prompting further questions on the forces
underlying the evolution of hosts and their gut microbiomes.%
\end{abstract}%



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