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\begin{document}

\title{Multiple paternity, fertilization success, and male quality: Mating
system variation in the eelgrass, \emph{Zostera marina}}



\author[1]{Lauren Sgambelluri}%
\author[1]{Jessie Jarvis}%
\author[1]{Stephanie Kamel}%
\affil[1]{University of North Carolina Wilmington}%


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  \date{May 28, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Genetic diversity can modulate a population's response to a changing
environment and plays a critical role in its ecological function. While
multiple processes act to maintain genetic diversity, sexual recruitment
remains the primary driving force. At its southern edge-of-range,
warming sea surface temperatures have resulted in shifts to a
mixed-annual life-history strategy in the eelgrass (\emph{Zostera
marina}). Given that mating systems are intimately linked to standing
levels of genetic variation, understanding the scope of sexual
recruitment illuminates the processes that shape genetic diversity. To
that end, developing seeds on flowering \emph{Z. marina} shoots were
genotyped from three meadows in Topsail, North Carolina. In all meadows,
levels of multiple mating were high, with shoots pollinated by an
average of 8 sires (range: 3 -- 16). The number of fertilized seeds
(i.e., reproductive success) varied significantly across sires (range: 1
-- 25) and was positively correlated with both individual heterozygosity
and self-fertilization. Outcrossing rates were high (approx. 70\%) and
varied across spathes. The reliance on sexual recruitment was also
evident among sampled shoots, as no clones were detected and kinship
among shoots was low. Given the role that genetic diversity plays in
enhancing resistance to and resilience from ecological disturbance,
disentangling the links between life-history, sexual reproduction and
genetic structure will aid in informing the management and conservation
of this key foundation species.%
\end{abstract}%



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