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\begin{document}

\title{}



\author[1]{Audrey Taillefer}%
\author[2]{Audrey Taillefer}%
\author[2]{Laurent Truche}%
\author[2]{Laurence Audin}%
\author[2]{Frédéric-Victor Donzé}%
\author[2]{Delphine Tisserand}%
\author[2]{Simona Denti}%
\author[3]{Nelida Manrique Llerena}%
\author[3]{Pablo Jorge Masías Alvarez}%
\author[4]{Régis Braucher}%
\author[2]{Swann Zerathe}%
\author[5]{Christophe Monnin}%
\author[2]{Hugo Dutoit}%
\author[3]{Edu Taipe Maquerhua}%
\author[1]{Fredy Erlingtton}%
\author[3]{Apaza Choquehuayta}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Univ. Gustave Eiffel, ISTerre}%
\affil[3]{Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET)}%
\affil[4]{Université Aix-Marseille, CNRS-IRD-Collège de France-INRAE}%
\affil[5]{Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Université de Toulouse, CNRS}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 20, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
This study provides a comprehensive characterization of various
hydrothermal sys-

tems in Southern Peru ranging from the faulted Precordillera's steep
topography up to

the volcanic High Cordillera (\textgreater{}4000 m asl). The objective
is to investigate thermal anoma-

lies that may potentially serve as new geothermal resources.Our
integrated approach com-

bines: i) geochemistry from 14 hot springs sampled throughout the Tacna
region, and

ii) 3D numerical modeling of coupled groundwater and heat transfer
considering topog-

raphy and faults embedded in homogeneous permeability. Water and gas
analysis indi-

cates that the springs located near volcanoes discharge Na-K-Cl waters
with high tem-

peratures (\textgreater{}87\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C), high Total Dissolved Solid
concentrations (TDS \textgreater{}3452 mg/L), and

free gases dominated by CO2 (\textgreater{}90 vol\%). Springs located
along the regional faults in

the Precordillera discharge Ca-SO4 and Na-K-Cl waters with moderate
temperatures (27-

53°C), intermediate TDS concentrations (464-2458 mg/L), radiocarbon ages
between 1.4

and 7.9 kyr, and free gases dominated by N2 (\textgreater{}95 vol\%).
The Aruma springs, which are

located at the transition between the High and the Precordillera,
display intermediate

characteristics. Numerical models accurately replicate the locations and
temperatures

of the fault-related springs only for permeable faults
(\textgreater{}10\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{-14} m\textsuperscript{2}), revealing
the creation

of 100-km long thermal plumes along faults, locally rising up the
150degC-isotherm to about

\selectlanguage{english}~ 1000 m below the surface. This approach clearly distinguishes the
spring origins, which

are volcanic in High Cordillera and tectonic in Precordillera. Moreover,
we highlight that

steep topographic gradient and permeable reverse faults in the Andean
forearc may gen-

erate considerable thermal anomalies, opening perspectives for the
geothermal exploration.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/Conceptual-model/Conceptual-model}
\caption{{Conceptual model of the Tacna hydrothermal systems.
{\label{263829}}%
}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\selectlanguage{english}
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