<div>Figure legends</div><div>Figure 1. STRUCTURE barplots for (a) 2011 – 2012 populations of
white-eared ground-sparrow <i>Melozone leucotis</i> into K = 2, and (b)
2018 – 2022 populations of white-eared ground-sparrow <i>Melozone
leucotis</i> into K = 2. Plots are sorted by sampling location, each bar
represents one individual, each color represent a cluster. MTV
Monteverde, HDA Heredia, UCR Universidad de Costa Rica, JBL Jardín
Botánico Lankester.</div><div>Figure 2. Box-plots of the variation in acoustic characteristics of
white-eared ground-sparrow <i>Melozone leucotis</i> , based on linear
mixed-effects models. The responses are measured as principal components
scores. summarizing. (a -b) Duration and number of elements correlated
with PC1, © The minimum and maximum frequency correlated with PC2, and
(d) The frequency of maximum amplitude correlated with PC3. The box-plot
shows the median (central horizontal line), 75<sup>th</sup> and
25<sup>th</sup> percentile (top and bottom of the box) and the
maximum and minimum values (top and bottom whisker). Letters indicate
the values are significantly different from each other in post hoc
tests, and lack of letters mean that no significant differences were
found in the post hoc tests.</div><div>Figure 3. Variation in morphology of white-eared ground-sparrow<i>Melozone leucotis</i> , based on generalized linear mixed models. The
responses are measured as principal components scores; summarizing (a)
tarsus length, tail length, wing chord length, and beak depth correlated
with PC1 of females, (b) tarsus length, tail length, wing chord length,
and beak depth correlated with PC1 of males, (c) the exposed culmen
length and beak width correlated with PC2 of males. The box-plot shows
the median (central horizontal line), 75th and 25th percentile (top and
bottom of the box) and the maximum and minimum values (top and bottom
whisker). Letters indicate the values are significantly different from
each other in post hoc tests, and lack of letters mean that no
significant differences were found in the post hoc tests.</div><div>Figure 4. Correlations between different sets of variables in
white-eared ground-sparrow <i>Melozone leucotis.</i> (a) Song and
morphology distances, (b) morphology and genetic distances, and (c) song
and genetic distances. Linear regressions are shown, but statistical
signiﬁcance was evaluated using Mantel tests.</div><div>Data Accessibility</div><div>Cueva, L., Fuchs, E. J., Gilbert, B., Madrigal-Brenes, R., &amp; Sandoval,
L. (2024). Data from: Effect of spatial and temporal urban isolation on
the genetic diversity, acoustic variation, and morphological
characteristics of an urban survivor bird species. Zenodo.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10472250</div><div>Competing interests</div><div>The authors declare no competing interests.</div><div>Author Contributions</div><div>L.C., E.J.F., G.B., and L.S. designed the study. L.C. and L.S. collected
the samples. L.C. and R.M.-B. performed lab work. L.C., E.J.F. and L.S.
performed statistical and genetic analyses. L.C. drafted the manuscript.
All authors contributed, completed, and approved the final manuscript.</div><div>Acknowledgements</div><div>We thank all Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana y Comunicación Animal
(LEUCA) member to collect the historical data of recordings, morphology,
and blood samples. We thank Raúl Bartolo for field assistance. We thank
Universidad de Costa Rica, Jardín Botánico Lankester, and Estación
Biológica Monteverde for the access to reserves. LS thanks to
Vicerrectoría de Investigación for the financial support under
investigation grant numbers C1085, C2706, C2705, and C3025.</div>