Figure legends
Figure 1. STRUCTURE barplots for (a) 2011 – 2012 populations of white-eared ground-sparrow Melozone leucotis into K = 2, and (b) 2018 – 2022 populations of white-eared ground-sparrow Melozone leucotis into K = 2. Plots are sorted by sampling location, each bar represents one individual, each color represent a cluster. MTV Monteverde, HDA Heredia, UCR Universidad de Costa Rica, JBL Jardín Botánico Lankester.
Figure 2. Box-plots of the variation in acoustic characteristics of white-eared ground-sparrow Melozone leucotis , based on linear mixed-effects models. The responses are measured as principal components scores. summarizing. (a -b) Duration and number of elements correlated with PC1, © The minimum and maximum frequency correlated with PC2, and (d) The frequency of maximum amplitude correlated with PC3. The box-plot shows the median (central horizontal line), 75th and 25th percentile (top and bottom of the box) and the maximum and minimum values (top and bottom whisker). Letters indicate the values are significantly different from each other in post hoc tests, and lack of letters mean that no significant differences were found in the post hoc tests.
Figure 3. Variation in morphology of white-eared ground-sparrowMelozone leucotis , based on generalized linear mixed models. The responses are measured as principal components scores; summarizing (a) tarsus length, tail length, wing chord length, and beak depth correlated with PC1 of females, (b) tarsus length, tail length, wing chord length, and beak depth correlated with PC1 of males, (c) the exposed culmen length and beak width correlated with PC2 of males. The box-plot shows the median (central horizontal line), 75th and 25th percentile (top and bottom of the box) and the maximum and minimum values (top and bottom whisker). Letters indicate the values are significantly different from each other in post hoc tests, and lack of letters mean that no significant differences were found in the post hoc tests.
Figure 4. Correlations between different sets of variables in white-eared ground-sparrow Melozone leucotis. (a) Song and morphology distances, (b) morphology and genetic distances, and (c) song and genetic distances. Linear regressions are shown, but statistical significance was evaluated using Mantel tests.
Data Accessibility
Cueva, L., Fuchs, E. J., Gilbert, B., Madrigal-Brenes, R., & Sandoval, L. (2024). Data from: Effect of spatial and temporal urban isolation on the genetic diversity, acoustic variation, and morphological characteristics of an urban survivor bird species. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10472250
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Author Contributions
L.C., E.J.F., G.B., and L.S. designed the study. L.C. and L.S. collected the samples. L.C. and R.M.-B. performed lab work. L.C., E.J.F. and L.S. performed statistical and genetic analyses. L.C. drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed, completed, and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank all Laboratorio de Ecología Urbana y Comunicación Animal (LEUCA) member to collect the historical data of recordings, morphology, and blood samples. We thank Raúl Bartolo for field assistance. We thank Universidad de Costa Rica, Jardín Botánico Lankester, and Estación Biológica Monteverde for the access to reserves. LS thanks to Vicerrectoría de Investigación for the financial support under investigation grant numbers C1085, C2706, C2705, and C3025.