Reference:
1. Gurol-Urganci I, Jardine JE, Carroll F, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth in England: national cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol . Published online 2021. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.05.016
2. Di Toro F, Gjoka M, Di Lorenzo G, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clin Microbiol Infect . 2021;27(1). doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.10.007
3. Flannery DD, Gouma S, Dhudasia MB, et al. Assessment of Maternal and Neonatal Cord Blood SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Placental Transfer Ratios.JAMA Pediatr . Published online 2021. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0038
4. Villar J, Ariff S, Gunier RB, et al. Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality Among Pregnant Women With and Without COVID-19 Infection.JAMA Pediatr . Published online April 22, 2021. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1050
5. Fettweis JM, Serrano MG, Brooks JP, et al. The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. Nat Med . 2019;25(6). doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0450-2
6. Di Paola M, Sani C, Clemente AM, et al. Characterization of cervico-vaginal microbiota in women developing persistent high-risk Human Papillomavirus infection. Sci Rep . 2017;7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09842-6
7. Witkin SS. Vaginal microbiome studies in pregnancy must also analyse host factors. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol . 2019;126(3). doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15300
8. Witkin SS, Linhares IM. Why do lactobacilli dominate the human vaginal microbiota? BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol . 2017;124(4). doi:10.1111/1471-0528.14390
9. Payne MS, Newnham JP, Doherty DA, et al. A specific bacterial DNA signature in the vagina of Australian women in midpregnancy predicts high risk of spontaneous preterm birth (the Predict1000 study). Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2021;224(2). doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.034
10. Donders GG, Van Calsteren K, Bellen G, et al. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol . 2009;116(10). doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02237.x
11. Kirtsman M, Diambomba Y, Poutanen SM, et al. Probable congenital sars-cov-2 infection in a neonate born to a woman with active sars-cov-2 infection. CMAJ . 2020;192(24). doi:10.1503/cmaj.200821
12. NIH. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health.Nih . 2020;2019.
13. Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data.Nat Methods . 2016;13(7). doi:10.1038/nmeth.3869
14. Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR. Naïve Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy.Appl Environ Microbiol . 2007;73(16). doi:10.1128/AEM.00062-07
15. Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools.Nucleic Acids Res . 2013;41(D1). doi:10.1093/nar/gks1219
16. Gomez-Lopez N, Romero R, Xu Y, et al. Fetal T Cell Activation in the Amniotic Cavity during Preterm Labor: A Potential Mechanism for a Subset of Idiopathic Preterm Birth. J Immunol . 2019;203(7). doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900621
17. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet . 2008;371(9606). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60074-4
18. McMillan A, Rulisa S, Sumarah M, et al. A multi-platform metabolomics approach identifies highly specific biomarkers of bacterial diversity in the vagina of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Sci Rep . 2015;5. doi:10.1038/srep14174
19. Shetty PK, Menon AG, Rai R. Prevelance, risk factors and adverse perinatal outcomes of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Int J Reprod Contraception, Obstet Gynecol . 2021;10(9). doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20213460
20. DiGiulio DB, Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, et al. Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2015;112(35). doi:10.1073/pnas.1502875112
21. Swidsinski A, Verstraelen H, Loening-Baucke V, Swidsinski S, Mendling W, Halwani Z. Presence of a Polymicrobial Endometrial Biofilm in Patients with Bacterial Vaginosis. PLoS One . 2013;8(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053997
22. Campisciano G, Zanotta N, Licastro D, De Seta F, Comar M. In vivo microbiome and associated immune markers: New insights into the pathogenesis of vaginal dysbiosis. Sci Rep . 2018;8(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20649-x
23. Jayaprakash TP, Wagner EC, Van Schalkwyk J, et al. High diversity and variability in the vaginal microbiome in women following Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM): A prospective cohort study.PLoS One . 2016;11(11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166794
24. Tabatabaei N, Eren AM, Barreiro LB, et al. Vaginal microbiome in early pregnancy and subsequent risk of spontaneous preterm birth: a case–control study. BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol . 2019;126(3). doi:10.1111/1471-0528.15299
25. Ceccarani C, Foschi C, Parolin C, et al. Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections. Sci Rep . 2019;9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50410-x
26. Saraf VS, Sheikh SA, Ahmad A, Gillevet PM, Bokhari H, Javed S. Vaginal microbiome: normalcy vs dysbiosis. Arch Microbiol . 2021;203(7). doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02414-3
27. Doyle RM, Harris K, Kamiza S, et al. Bacterial communities found in placental tissues are associated with severe chorioamnionitis and adverse birth outcomes. PLoS One . 2017;12(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180167
28. Hyman RW, Fukushima M, Jiang H, et al. Diversity of the vaginal microbiome correlates with preterm birth. Reprod Sci . 2014;21(1). doi:10.1177/1933719113488838
29. Liu Y, Zhang C, Huang F, et al. Elevated plasma levels of selective cytokines in COVID-19 patients reflect viral load and lung injury.Natl Sci Rev . 2020;7(6). doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa037
30. Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol . 2020;92(4). doi:10.1002/jmv.25685
31. Liu H, Wang LL, Zhao SJ, Kwak-Kim J, Mor G, Liao AH. Why are pregnant women susceptible to COVID-19? An immunological viewpoint.J Reprod Immunol . 2020;139. doi:10.1016/j.jri.2020.103122
32. Oakes MC, Kernberg AS, Carter EB, et al. Pregnancy as a risk factor for severe coronavirus disease 2019 using standardized clinical criteria. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM . 2021;3(3). doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100319
33. Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Osterman MJKS. Births: Preliminary Data for 2015 National Vital Statistics Reports. Natl Vital Stat Reports . 2015;65(3).
34. Wei SQ, Bilodeau-Bertrand M, Liu S, Auger N. The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can Med Assoc J . 2021;193(16). doi:10.1503/cmaj.202604
35. Foxman B, Wen A, Srinivasan U, et al. Mycoplasma, bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria BVAB3, race, and risk of preterm birth in a high-risk cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2014;210(3). doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2013.10.003