Values in bold indicate statistical significance. Significance levels
are shown at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and
***p < 0.001
Full forms of environmental variables are given in Table 1 .
Fig. 1. Map of the study area showing the location of selected
sampling sites in Kashmir Himalaya at different altitudes. These sites
are Kunzar, Tangmarg, Kashmir University Gulmarg Research Station and
Kongdoori.
Fig. 2. Stacked bar chart of the relative abundance of top nine
(a) bacterial and (b) fungal phyla in the Leucanthemum
vulgare invaded and uninvaded plotsalong an altitudinal gradient in the
Kashmir Himalaya. (Full forms of the sample codes are KZ_IN: Kunzar
invaded; KZ_UN: Kunzar uninvaded; TM_IN: Tangmarg invaded; TM_UN:
Tangmarg uninvaded; KU_IN: Kashmir University Gulmarg Research Station-
invaded; KU_UN: Kashmir University Gulmarg Research Station-uninvaded;
KD_IN: Kongdoori invaded; KD_UN: Kongdoori uninvaded).
Fig. 3. Patterns of α-diversity for bacterial (a-d) and fungal
(e-h) communities in L. vulgare invaded and uninvaded plots along
an altitudinal gradient in the Kashmir Himalaya, (Shown are bacterial
and fungal observed OTUs (a, e) Chao1 estimator (b, f) Shannon index (c,
g) and Simpson index (d, h). Sites are grouped by different colours with
increasing altitude (left–right). (Full forms of the sample codes are
given in Fig. 2 ).
Fig. 4. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot
displaying β-diversity (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity) for bacterial (a) and
fungal (b) communities. The samples are coloured according to the sites
along the altitudinal gradient: bright cyan (Kunzar), light yellow
(Tangmarg,), green (Kashmir University-Gulmarg Research Station) and
bright pink (Kongdoori).
Fig.5 . Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot of L.
vulgare invaded and uninvaded plots across the sampling sites along an
altitudinal gradient in the Kashmir Himalaya. (Directions and magnitudes
of the soil variables driving each axis are also indicated.Full forms of
the sample codes are given in Fig. 2 ).
Fig. 6. Canonical Correspondence analysis (CCA) biplot based on
the microbial sequencing data and environmental variables for bacteria
(a) and fungi (b). (Arrows indicate the direction and magnitude of
environmental variables associated with microbial communities. The
length of an arrow-line indicates the strength of the relationship
between the environmental variable and microbial community. Each green
dot represents individual microbial species and red text shows plots of
different altitudes.Full forms of the sample codes are given in
Fig.2 ).