Risk factors associated with a diagnosis of Lifetime Enuresis:
One hundred and one (46.5%) children reported nocturnal enuresis after age five. Male participants had a higher risk of enuresis after age five (Odds Ratio (OR): 2.1, Confidence Interval (CI): 1.2-3.6, p=0.008). Neither the means of eGFR or mean urine specific gravity collected from ages three to five were associated with a subsequent diagnosis of nocturnal enuresis after age five years. Among laboratory values, a higher mean hemoglobin value between the ages of three to five (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55-0.95, p=0.02) was a protective factor and remained a protective factor (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56-0.99, p=0.042) when adjusted for sex. Mean WBC, platelet count, mean corpuscular volume, absolute reticulocyte count, LDH, and total bilirubin between the ages of three to five age were not associated with nocturnal enuresis. No association was observed between nocturnal enuresis and chronic transfusion prior to age 3 (p= 0.11) or hydroxyurea treatment prior to age 3 (p= 0.33)
Risk factors associated with a diagnosis of Current Enuresis :
In participants with current enuresis, a subset of lifetime enuresis group, 45 (21%) children continued to have recurrent symptoms of nocturnal enuresis. The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis decreased with age. We identified 30% of 6–8-year-olds, 21% of 9–12-year-olds and 19% of 13–15-year-olds as currently having nocturnal enuresis (Figure 1). In univariate analyses, currently having nocturnal enuresis was associated with sickle cell anemia (HbSS, HbSβ0thalassemia) (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.07-5.69, p=0.04), age (OR 0.88, 95%CI, 0.79-0.97, p=0.011), and HbF (OR, 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.16, p=0.006). Children with hyposthenuria had lower odds of currently having nocturnal enuresis (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.11-0.89, p=0.04). After adjusting for age and sickle cell type, hyposthenuria remained associated with current enuresis (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08-0.75, p=0.019).