Greek letter

drop breakup frequency, 1/s

the interfacial energy increase before and after drop breakup, J

the maximum interfacial energy increase during the drop breakup, J

the increase in viscous energy during the drop breakup process, J

the number of the broken drops

turbulent energy dissipation rate, m²/s³

eddy size, m

μ_d dispersed phase viscosity, Pa s

continuous phase density, kg/m³

dispersed phase density, kg/m³

σ interfacial tension, N/m

dispersed phase volume fraction

collision frequency between eddies and drops, 1/(m⁴s)

the size ratio between an eddy and a droplet

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