Table 2. Summary of the newer modalities in the treatment of IPF Table 2. Summary of the newer modalities in the treatment of IPF Table 2. Summary of the newer modalities in the treatment of IPF Table 2. Summary of the newer modalities in the treatment of IPF Table 2. Summary of the newer modalities in the treatment of IPF
Name Name Mechanism of action Clinical trial Effects Side effects
Pirfenidone Pirfenidone TGF-𝛃 and fibronectin inhibitor CAPACITY/ASCEND Anti-fibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory, reduction in all-cause mortality. Photosensitivity, nausea, skin rash, gastrointestinal upset and anorexia. Serious adverse effects: abnormal liver function, dizziness, facial paralysis, hepatocellular tumor.
Nintedanib Nintedanib Tyrosine kinase inhibitors INPULSIS/INSTAGE Reducing FVC decline and all-cause mortality. Diarrhea, nausea, nasopharyngitis, cough, and vomiting.
Saracatinib Saracatinib Src kinase inhibitor STOP-IPF Better effect in reducing FVC decline than PFD and NDB. Gastrointestinal discomfort.
Pamrevlumab Pamrevlumab CTGF inhibitor ZEPHYRUS I, II Decrease in FVC decline, improvement in progression free survival. Headache, cough, breathlessness, URTI, bronchitis.
Pentraxin-2 Pentraxin-2 Recombinant human pentraxin-2, has an activity on monocyte differentiation STARSCAPE-OLE Owing of futility, stopped. Cough, nasopharyingitis, fatigue.
BI 1015550 BI 1015550 phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitor PRAISE Reduction in FVC decline with/without antifibrotic therapy. Mild diarrhea.
Ziritaxestat Ziritaxestat selective autotaxin inhibitor ISABELA 1, 2 Annual rate in FVC decline, but stopped due to concerning safety. Lower respiratory tract infections.
PBI-4050 PBI-4050 interacting with GPR40 and GPR84 (activation and suppression respectively) NCT02538536 Reduced histological lesions presented as change in lung architecture, thickness of the alveolar wall and fibrosis. Mild diarrhea, headache and nausea.
Bexotegrast Bexotegrast inhibitor of integrins v6 and v1 INTEGRIS-IPF Excellent safety profile Less progress was supported by exploratory analysis. Mild diarrhea.
BMS-986020/ BMS-986278 BMS-986020/ BMS-986278 LPA1 antagonists NCT04308681 Change in percent predicted (ppFVC). Hepatobiliary toxicity in BMS-986020.
TD 139 TD 139 Gal-3 inhibitor NCT02257177 Slower decline in FVC. Taste disturbance and cough.
Dasatinib (D) and Quercetin (Q) Dasatinib (D) and Quercetin (Q) Senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways (SCAPs) inhibitors NCT02874989 Improved lung function and exercise capacity. Nausea, weakness, headache, sleep disturbance, and sepsis in patients with chronic cholelithiasis.