Astaxanthin Analysis
Quantification of astaxanthin content was conducted via HPLC (Waters,
Mil-ford, MA, USA) employing a C18 column and a mobile phase consisting
ofdichloromethane, methanol, acetonitrile, and water. A standard curve
was established using astaxanthin standards (≥97.1%) at various
concentrations (Song et al., 2018).