[Figure 5]

3.2 Spatio-temporal evolutions of topography ecosystem health from 2000 to 2020

The ecosystem vigor exhibited the highest values among all the indicators, which were above 0.74, and the ecosystem resilience behaved the lowest, with all values below 0.64 (Table 5). Moreover, the ecosystem vigor and EHI exhibited the same change trend, that is, both of them were increased during the study period and observed the largest in 2005-2010. However, the ecosystem organization and resilience revealed a negative growth, with values of -0.0002 and -0.0006, respectively. Among them, the values of organization increased 0.0007 between 2015 and 2020, while the resilience declined over all periods.