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\begin{document}

\title{Occurrence probability of magnetic field disturbances measured with
Swarm: Mapping the dynamic magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling}



\author[1]{Margot Decotte}%
\author[2]{Karl Laundal}%
\author[3]{Spencer Mark Hatch}%
\author[4]{Jone Peter Reistad}%
\affil[1]{University of Bergen}%
\affil[2]{University in Bergen}%
\affil[3]{Birkeland Centre for Space Science}%
\affil[4]{Birkeland Centre for Space Science, University of Bergen}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The exchange of kinetic and electromagnetic energy by precipitation
and/or outflow, and through field-aligned currents are two aspects of
the ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling. A thorough investigation of these
processes is required to better understand magnetospheric dynamics.
Building on our previous study using DMSP spectrometer data, here we use
Swarm vector field magnetometer data to describe the auroral oval
morphology in terms of east-west magnetic field perturbations. We define
a threshold for detecting magnetic fluctuations based on the power
spectral density of \selectlanguage{greek}Δ\selectlanguage{english}BEW and derive the disturbed magnetic field
occurrence probability (dBOP) at low {[}0.1--1Hz{]} and high
{[}2.5--5Hz{]} frequencies. High-frequency distributions of dBOP reveal
a dayside-nightside asymmetry, whereas low-frequency dBOP exhibits a
persistent morphological asymmetry between the dawn-to-noon and the
dusk-to-midnight sectors, peaking at dawn. Notably, weak solar wind
conditions are associated with an increase in the dBOP asymmetric
patterns. At low frequency in particular, while the dBOP seems to be
primarily constant at dawn, the dusk dBOP decreases during quiet times,
inducing a relatively larger dawn-dusk asymmetry in such conditions. We
find that the dBOP distributions at low frequencies exhibit features
similar to those present in distributions of the auroral electron
precipitation occurrence probability, suggesting that the low-frequency
dBOP constitutes a reasonable proxy for the large-scale auroral oval.
Our interpretation is that the dBOP at low frequencies reflects a
quasi-steady state circulation of energy, while the high-frequency dBOP
reflects the regions of rapid changes in the magnetosphere. The dBOP is
therefore a crucial source of information regarding the
magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling.%
\end{abstract}%



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