Cigarette smoking |
Erythrocytes |
Non-cancer control cohort non-smokers
(n=274) and smokers (n=26) |
No difference in PIG-A mutant cell
levels (p=0.186) |
(Lawrence et al., 2020) |
|
Erythrocytes |
Male healthy volunteers (n=129) |
No difference between
smoker and non-smoker (p=0.8594). No association between PIG-A
and smoking duration (p=0.0541). Association between PIG-A mutant
frequency and cigarette pack/years (p<0.0001). |
(Cao et al.,
2016) |
|
Erythrocytes |
Non-cancer control cohort non-smokers (n=247) and
smokers (n=29) |
Smokers had PIG-A mutant frequencies of over
double that of non-smokers (p=0.011) with mutant frequencies of 5.82
(95% CI 2.79–9.52) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.49–3.57) respectively. |
(Haboubi et al., 2019) |
Depleted Uranium
|
T-Lymphocytes
|
Gulf war I veterans (n=35) Low-uU (n=22) Vs
High-uU (n=13)
|
No significant difference Low-uU mean mutant frequency =18.13\(\pm\)4.85
High-uU mean mutant frequency = 9.45 \(\pm\) 0.81
P = 0.08
|
(McDiarmid et al., 2011)
|
Chemotherapy |
Erythrocytes |
Patients with different cancer types
(n=10) |
Pre-treatment PIG-A mutant frequency was the same as
healthy controls. Minimal changes in mutant frequency during and post
therapy except for one patient undergoing Cisplatin and Etoposide
therapy who had 3x increase in PIG-A mutant levels. |
(Dobrovolsky et al., 2011) |
Chemotherapy +/- Radiotherapy |
Erythrocytes |
Healthy volunteers (n=10)
and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy (n=27) |
Healthy volunteer PIG-A mutant frequency range =
0.00–5.00 × 10−6 and cancer patients =
0.00–49.67 × 10−6. No pre-treatment blood samples
taken so difficult to determine effect of therapy on mutant levels. |
(Horibata et al., 2016) |
Radiotherapy |
Granulocyte |
Patients undergoing therapy for breast
cancer (n=30). Five patients had previously received chemotherapy. |
Lower mutant frequency during (p=0.0035) and after radiotherapy
treatment (p=0.006) compared to pre-treatment. |
(Bonetto et al.,
2021) |
Azathioprine (AZA) |
Erythrocyte |
AZA treated inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD) patients (n=36) and healthy controls (n=36). |
IBD
patients exhibited a higher MF (6.10 \(\pm\) 4.44 ×
10-6) than healthy volunteers (4.97 \(\pm\) 2.74 ×
10-6) (P = 0.0489). No association between AZA
treatment and MF. |
(Cao, Wang, Liu, et al., 2020) |
Lead |
Erythrocyte |
Workers occupationally exposed to lead (n=267) and
healthy volunteers from previous study (n=217). |
PIG-A MFs were
significantly higher in lead-exposed workers (10.90 ± 10.7 × 10−6) than
in a general population studied previously (5.25 ± 3.6 × 10−6) (p
<0.0001). |
(Cao, Wang, Xi, et al., 2020) |
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) |
Erythrocyte |
PAH exposed BBQ
restaurant workers (n=70) and healthy controls (n=56). Urinary PAH
metabolites measured to determine individual exposure. |
PAH exposed
group had higher PIG-A MFs than healthy controls
(p<0.001). A higher PIG-A MF was associated with higher
PAH exposure determined by urinary metabolites (p=0.006). |
(Cao et al.,
2021) |
|
Erythrocyte |
PAH exposed coke oven workers (n=364), newly employed
non-exposed controls (n=34) and control group from non-industrially
polluted area (n=273). |
Coke oven workers had higher PIG-A MF’s
of 21.01 ± 25.1 x 10-6 compared to 4.3 ± 3.02 x
10-6 for newly employed non-exposed group and 5.45 ±
4.56 x 10-6 for the larger control group from
non-industrial city. |
(Xi et al., 2023) |
Benzene |
Erythrocyte |
Benzene exposed chemical plant workers (n=104)
and controls (n=273) from previous publication (Cao et al., 2016 and Cao
et al., 2021). |
Benzene exposed workers had higher PIG-A MF’s of
15.96 ± 14.41 × 10−6 compared to controls who had an
average MF of 5.46 ± 4.56 × 10−6 (p<0.001).
Observed a significant association between PIG-A MF and airborne
benzene exposure levels (r=0.501, p<0.001) measured by gas
chromatography. |
(Cao et al., 2023) |