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\begin{document}

\title{Soil Respiration and Controls in Warmer Winter: A Snow Manipulation
Study in Postfire and Undisturbed Black Pine Forests}



\author[1]{RENATO PACALDO}%
\author[1]{Mirac Aydin}%
\author[2]{Randell Keith Amarille}%
\affil[1]{Kastamonu University}%
\affil[2]{Mindanao State University}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Climate change impacts are driving forest fires worldwide and reducing
snowfall in temperate countries. Whether these impacts result in a
significant alteration of winter soil respiration (Rs) rates and
temperature in the postfire and the undisturbed black pine (Pinus nigra)
forests remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted in
the postfire and the undisturbed black pine forests during a winter
period in T\selectlanguage{ngerman}ürkiye to quantify Rs rates as affected by lack of snow and
snow cover. Four treatments were applied: snow-exclusion postfire
(SEPF), snow postfire (SPF), snow-exclusion undisturbed forest (SEUF),
and snow-undisturbed forest (SUF). The SEPF exhibited the significantly
lowest mean Rs rates (0.71 \selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}mol m-2 s-1) compared to the SPF (1.02 \selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}mol
m-2 s-1), SEUF (1.44 \selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}mol m-2 s-1, and SUF (1.48 \selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}mol m-2 s-1). The Rs
also showed significant variations with time (p \textless{}.0001).
However, treatments and time exhibited no statistically significant
interaction effects (p = 0.6801). Total amounts of winter Rs (January to
March) ranged from 4.92 to 5.07 Mt CO2 ha-1 in the undisturbed forest
and 2.53 to 3.51 Mt CO2 ha-2 in the postfire site. The Rs showed a
significantly positive relationship (p \textless{}.0001) with the soil
(0.59) and air (0.46) temperatures and a significantly negative
relationship (p = 0.0017) with the soil moisture (-0.20) at the 5 cm
depth. In contrast, the Rs showed a negative, but not statistically
significant relationship (p = 0.0932) with the soil moisture (-0.16) at
the 10 cm soil depth. The combined effects of lack of snow and forest
fire resulted in a significant decrease of Rs. In contrast, a warmer
winter significantly increased Rs rates in the undisturbed forest,
suggesting that a warmer winter could potentially accelerate soil
organic carbon losses in naturally growing undisturbed forest
ecosystems, thus, providing positive feed backs to climate change.%
\end{abstract}%



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\verb`PACALDO_ET_AL_2023_MANUSCRIPT_SNOW_SOIL_RESPIRATION_RATES___BLACK_PINE_FORESTS_ECOLOGY_AND_EVOLUTION_SUBMISSION_UPDATED.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/655612/articles/661331-soil-respiration-and-controls-in-warmer-winter-a-snow-manipulation-study-in-postfire-and-undisturbed-black-pine-forests}

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