5 Conclusion
This study showed the use of unmanned aerial vehicles equipped with
multispectral sensors is a promising method for identifying plant
species and evaluating vegetation diversity in mining areas. The
combination of UAV images, supervised classification algorithms, and
field surveys proved to be a cost-effective and flexible approach for
fine-scale vegetation monitoring in mine restoration projects. The
findings highlight the importance of considering vegetation
configuration in restoration projects, as areas dominated by shrubs tend
to exhibit lower species diversity. Additionally, vegetation diversity
is a critical indicator in evaluating restoration effectiveness beyond
the typical focus on vegetation coverage or NDVI by mining companies.
Future mine restoration efforts should enhance ecological restoration
monitoring and evaluation systems in a scientifically sound manner to
provide effective adaptive management that ensure restoration achieves
the desired ecosystem outcomes.