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\begin{document}

\title{Airborne Measurements of Scale-Dependent Latent Heat Flux Impacted by
Water Vapor and Vertical Velocity over Heterogeneous Land Surfaces
During the CHEESEHEAD19 Campaign}



\author[1]{Guo Lin}%
\author[1]{Zhien Wang}%
\author[1]{Yufei Chu}%
\author[2]{Conrad Ziegler}%
\author[3]{Xiao-Ming Hu}%
\author[3]{Ming Xue}%
\author[4]{Bart Geerts}%
\author[5]{Sreenath Paleri}%
\author[5]{Ankur Rashmikant Desai}%
\author[1]{Kang Yang}%
\author[6]{Min Deng}%
\author[3]{Jonathan DeGraw}%
\affil[1]{University of Colorado Boulder}%
\affil[2]{National Severe Storms Laboratory}%
\affil[3]{University of Oklahoma}%
\affil[4]{University of Wyoming}%
\affil[5]{University of Wisconsin-Madison}%
\affil[6]{Brookhaven National Laboratory}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The spatiotemporal variability of latent heat flux (LE) and water vapor
mixing ratio (rv) variability are not well understood due to the
scale-dependent and nonlinear atmospheric energy balance responses to
land surface heterogeneity. Airborne in situ and profiling Raman lidar
measurements with the wavelet technique are utilized to investigate
scale-dependent relationships among LE, vertical velocity (w) variance
(s2w), and rv variance (s2wv) over a heterogeneous surface in the
Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a
High-density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field
campaign. Our findings reveal distinct scale distributions of LE, s2w,
and s2wv at 100 m height, with a majority scale range of 120m-4km in LE,
32m-2km in s2w, and 200 m -- 8 km in s2wv. The scales are classified
into three scale ranges, the turbulent scale (8m--200m), large-eddy
scale (200m--2km), and mesoscale (2 km--8km) to evaluate scale-resolved
LE contributed by s2w and s2wv. In the large-eddy scale in Planetary
Boundary Layer (PBL), 69-75\% of total LE comes from 31-51\% of the
total sw and 39-59\% of the total s2wv. Variations exist in LE, s2w, and
s2wv, with a range of 1.7-11.1\% of total values in monthly-mean
variation, and 0.6--7.8\% of total values in flight legs from July to
September. These results confirm the dominant role of the large-eddy
scale in the PBL in the vertical moisture transport from the surface to
the PBL. This analysis complements published scale-dependent LE
variations, which lack detailed scale-dependent vertical velocity and
moisture information.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

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\verb`967818_0_supp_11153796_rx8fs9.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/636175/articles/653186-airborne-measurements-of-scale-dependent-latent-heat-flux-impacted-by-water-vapor-and-vertical-velocity-over-heterogeneous-land-surfaces-during-the-cheesehead19-campaign}\selectlanguage{english}
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