Literature extraction
From the databases, 78 articles were initially screened for relevance to medical education in China. 13 articles were added through a manual search of the journal and an internet search. 15 articles were removed as duplicates by EndNote X9 software (Clarivate Analytics, USA). Two authors extracted 36 articles from the titles and abstracts of the articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six authors read and discussed the full text of the 36 extracted articles and removed 5 articles that did not fit the theme of the study. Finally, 31 articles were identified as relevant to this study. The complete search strategy is shown in Figure 1 .