3. Japanese mode
Medical schools in Japan are a 6-year program for high school graduates, and a bachelor’s degree in medicine is awarded upon graduation [28]. Obtaining a bachelor’s degree in medicine is a requirement for admission as a physician. After graduating, medical undergraduates take the national medical examination and are certified as physicians [29]. A further 2 years of clinical training is required to become a full-fledged clinician. After completing their undergraduate education, medical students can pursue 4-8 years of postgraduate education to obtain a Ph.D. degree. The goal of the Ph.D. degree is clearly to develop the knowledge and abilities necessary to conduct independent medical research [30, 31]. Figure 3 shows the models of medical education in developed countries.