3. Japanese mode
Medical schools in Japan are a 6-year program for high school graduates,
and a bachelor’s degree in medicine is awarded upon graduation [28].
Obtaining a bachelor’s degree in medicine is a requirement for admission
as a physician. After graduating, medical undergraduates take the
national medical examination and are certified as physicians [29]. A
further 2 years of clinical training is required to become a
full-fledged clinician. After completing their undergraduate education,
medical students can pursue 4-8 years of postgraduate education to
obtain a Ph.D. degree. The goal of the Ph.D. degree is clearly to
develop the knowledge and abilities necessary to conduct independent
medical research [30, 31]. Figure 3 shows the models of
medical education in developed countries.