No. Term Explanation Lessons example
1 Communication Communication is about creating, designing, creating channels, and transmitting information to inform, warn, and educate stakeholders regarding climate change and COVID-19 crises and response policies. Early and effective crisis communication is an important aspect of crisis management.
2 Economy Economy systems govern resource allocation and human activities regarding the production, supply, and demand of goods. Crises can intervene and disrupt economic systems that govern the production, supply, and demand for goods. In monetary terms, delay of intervention can be costly, and crisis prevention can be more cost-effective than curing its impacts.
3 Environmental health There are many interlinkages between people and their environments. This relationship is so critical. Maintaining a healthy environment plays a critical role in ensuring human health, human well-being, and safe communities. Environmental health is linked to both climate change and many diseases, making investments to protect the environment is crucial.
4 International partnership and cooperation For global crises that are transboundary in nature such as climate change and COVID-19, international partnership, and cooperation to monitor, understand, and effectively address the root causes and the consequent implications is crucial. Partnership and cooperation can be of different forms, including mobilizing financial resources, sharing data and information, sharing solutions, and performing joint actions (e.g. sharing vaccines). Global problems require multiple forms of global solidarity and international cooperation. No one is safe until everyone is safe.
5 Monitoring and data sharing It refers to efforts for continuously observing the development of climate change and COVID-19 crises and the effectiveness of response actions, and measures adopted to make all relevant data needed to make informed decisions available to the public. Collecting and sharing data openly is important. Information dashboards have played an important role in raising public awareness and monitoring the development of the COVID-19 pandemic.
6 Perception and behavior People display similarities and differences regarding how they observe, perceive, and interpret information and experiences. Also, they show patterns in their reactions and responses to the picture they make regarding different issues. People are motivated to make positive actions when it comes to personal threats.
7 Policy and governance The set of roles and measures created by policy-makers to plan, control, and regulate decisions to achieve desirable goals. Governments can mobilize large resources and establish effective policies to fight crises.
8 Research and innovation For new global crises, the role of research and innovation is crucial. Efforts of public institutions (e.g., universities and research centers), private sector, and non-governmental organizations that aim at enhancing understanding, discovering commonalities and patterns, and producing innovative solutions are imperative. Research and innovation are essential to face new challenges (e.g., vaccine discoveries and production).
9 Socio-economic inequalities Crises might impose unequal impacts on different society groups. Understanding, appreciating, and acting to reduce socio-economic inequalities by improving the resilience of poor and fragile societies is important. Poor and disadvantaged communities are disproportionately susceptible to the negative impacts of crises.