2.1 Horizon scanning approach
The HS approach is a useful methodology to detect early signals that imply likely future changes (Hines et al., 2018) . It can be used to identify opportunities and threats (Kemp et al., 2020) and to describe early signs of phenomena that might require changes in policies and strategies (Sutherland et al., 2021). Therefore, it offers a useful tool to anticipate emerging issues, opportunities, and threats (Hines et al., 2018). The earlier applications of this method include uses in businesses and commercial purposes (Doos et al., 2016; Stevens et al., 1998). Recently, this approach has been used in a wide range of disciplines and for multiple applications, including environmental issues (Bengston, 2013; Kark et al., 2016; Pihl et al., 2021). Due to its ability to predict future changes, it can be used to change mindsets, create alternative options, and guide policy-making (Hines et al., 2019). In the current research, we subdivided the HS process into four stages, namely, (i) lesson collection, (ii) filtration, (iii) categorizing, merging, and validation, and (iv) evaluation (Fig. 1).