Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or
COVID-2019) spread in Wuhan city of Hubei province in China is family of
Corona viruses (CoVs) that cause respiratory and intestinal illnesses in
humans and animals ( poultry infectious bronchitis disease (IBD)) . They
usually cause mild colds in human .The outbreaks of severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) 2002–2003 in China and Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 showed that
corona viruses can also cause severe disease.(9)
Outbreak of novel coronavirus infectious disease was happened in
December 2019. Until now , no treatments or drugs have been reported for
COVID-19 infection. There is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral
drug available for the infection of the COVID-19 virus. It is very
important to find a safe and effective therapeutic agent for patients
infected with the COVID-19 virus.(16,33,34)
Newcastle Disease (ND) and Poultry Infectious Bronchitis(IB) are two
diseases that cause irreparable damage in industrial and domestic
poultry flocks. These two diseases are prevented by effective live &
inactivated vaccines.
The causative agent of Newcastle disease (ND) is a single-stranded
negative-sense RNA virus belonging to avian paramyxovirus type 1
(APMV-1) of the family Paramyxovirida and subgenus Avulavirus . NDV can
be divided into three groups according to their virulence in poultry:
velogenic, mesogenic, and lentogenic . (10) ND vaccines are mainly
prepared from strains of the lentogenic group (like I2 strain) which one
of the most important advantages is grown to a high titer in embryonated
eggs, and they can be administered via the nasal route .(23)
Vaccinologists has interested in NDV (APMV-1) which has simple RNA
genome, efficient replication, host restriction, and non pathogenicity
in most mammals for its oncolytic activity and its use as animal and
human vaccines vector against lethal emerging human diseases
recently.(3,5,8,10,12,14)
In addition NDV has no similar pathogenicity in humanity and it has been
shown in prior studies that NDV does not pose a threat to human health,
and the majority of the human population does not have pre-existing
immunity.(3,18,20)
IBV, the chicken coronavirus , is one of the important causes of
economic loss within the poultry industry. The IB virus like COVID-19
virus replicates in epithelium of respiratory tract tissue.(7)
The phenomenon of viral interference between ND and IB in live vaccines
has been reported since the 50’s and in many articles have be reported
its prejudicial effects on avian immunization. (6,13,26,30,32)
Viral interference take place when two viruses infect a single cell and
one of them put a problem with the growth or replication of the other
virus. (19,29) Interference of IB virus with ND has been established in
poultry ,(15) embryonated chicken eggs (27) and chicken embryo kidney
cells .(2)
Currently, there are different opinions about the antiviral function of
ND virus interferon, but if they do not consider it to be the only
factor, they consider it to be an effective antiviral action in
interference.(4,22,29)
Cardoso WM et al. proved that if a bivalent vaccine (IB-ND) is used
instead of inoculating Newcastle and Infectious Bronchitis that were
combined just before vaccination, the interference between the two
viruses would be reduced.(6)
Moghaddam Pour et al. in the development research bivalent IB/ND vaccine
of RAZI , the interference between viruses was reduced by using
different ratios of viruses. In that research, chickens were inoculated
with bivalent live vaccines with different titers of ND virus and IB
virus. No antibody against infectious bronchitis was observed in the
group of chickens inoculated with the bivalent live vaccine that
contained more ND virus than IB virus. That is, with the superiority of
ND virus particles over IB virus, no antibodies against IB virus were
secreted in the bird and vice versa. In previous researches, it has been
reported that the interference is observed in the superiority of IB to
ND virus, but the phenomenon of interference can also happen with the
superiority of ND to IB, and in this case, the lack of growth of IB
virus can be predicted. ( 24)