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\begin{document}

\title{Dietary nucleotides can prevent glucocorticoid-induced telomere
attrition in a fast-growing wild vertebrate}



\author[1]{Stefania Casagrande}%
\author[2]{Jasmine Loveland}%
\author[1]{Marlene Oefele}%
\author[3]{Winnie Boner}%
\author[4]{Sara Lupi}%
\author[5]{Antoine Stier}%
\author[1]{Michaela Hau}%
\affil[1]{Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence}%
\affil[2]{University of Vienna}%
\affil[3]{University of Glasgow}%
\affil[4]{Western University Faculty of Science}%
\affil[5]{Université de Strasbourg}%


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  \date{May 30, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Telomeres are chromosome protectors that shorten during cell replication
and in stressful conditions. Developing individuals are susceptible to
telomere erosion when their growth is fast and resources limited. This
is critical because the rate of telomere attrition in early life is
linked to health and life span of adults. The metabolic telomere
attrition hypothesis (MeTA) suggests that telomere dynamics can respond
to biochemical signals conveying information about the organism's
energetic state. Among these signals are glucocorticoids (hormones that
promote catabolic processes, potentially impairing costly telomere
maintenance) and nucleotides, which activate anabolic pathways though
the cellular enzyme target of rapamycin (TOR) preventing telomere
attrition. During the energetically demanding growth phase, the
regulation of telomeres in response to two contrasting signals---one
promoting telomere maintenance and the other inducing
attrition---provides an ideal experimental setting to test MeTa. We
studied nestlings of a rapidly developing free-living passerine, the
great tit (Parus major), that either received glucocorticoids
(Cort-chicks), nucleotides (Nuc-chicks), or a combination of both
(NucCort-chicks) all compared with controls (Cnt-chicks). Contrary to
Cort-chicks, which showed telomere attrition, NucCort-chicks, did not.
NucCort-chicks was the only group showing increased gene expression of
telo2 (proxy for TOR activation), of mitochondrial enzymes linked to ATP
production (atp5f1a-atp5f1b-cox6a1-cox4) and a higher efficiency in
aerobically producing ATP. NucCort-chicks had also a higher expression
of telomere maintenance genes (trf2) and of enzymatic antioxidant genes
(gpx4-sod1). The findings show that nucleotides availability is crucial
for preventing telomere erosion during fast growth in stressful
environments.%
\end{abstract}%



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