Figure 10. AFM images of COM and Raman spectra (selected spots)
adsorbed p-OPN on COM faces.[251] Copyright © 2012
American Chemical Society.
Tumor tissue
microcalcifications
Tumor tissue microcalcifications are classified into two types: Type I
is calcium oxalate dihydrate, and Type II is
hydroxyapatite.[252] Type I microcalcifications
are diagnosed as benign, while Type II is considered malignant. The
overall biochemical composition of the microcalcifications was used to
differentiate the malignancy of the tumor
tissue.[136] It is noteworthy that these tumor
microcalcifications are usually seen in breast cancer and that more
mineral crystals increase with time.[74] Tissue
microcalcifications were also found in chondrogenic tumors and human
skin pilomatrixoma.[253,254]
Coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy was used to image breast cancer
tissue based on differences in microcalcifications
types.[134] Hyperspectral stimulated Raman
scattering spectroscopy(SRS) was used to enhance the imaging sensitivity
and resolution of tumor microcalcifications, which improved the accuracy
of benign and malignant tumor classification to 98.21% with the synergy
of a support vector machine (SVM) based classification algorithm
(Figure 11 ).[66,255] Alternatively,
imaging and diagnosis of tumor microcalcifications can be achieved by
introducing shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman scattering
(SHINERS) probes.[256] In addition to the
improvement and enhancement of detection methods, the study of
classification algorithms, with examples like decision tree
classification, k-nearest neighbor (k-NN), SVM analysis, PCA, and LDA,
is also crucial.[67,257]