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\begin{document}

\title{Fading SARS-CoV-2 humoral and sustained cellular immunity in
convalescent children and adolescents}



\author[1]{Krystallenia Paniskaki}%
\author[2]{Sarah Goretzki}%
\author[3]{Moritz Anft}%
\author[1]{Margarethe J. Konik}%
\author[2]{Klara Lechtenberg}%
\author[2]{Melanie Vogl}%
\author[4]{Toni L. Meister}%
\author[4]{Stephanie Pfaender}%
\author[1]{Markus Zettler}%
\author[1]{Jasmin Jäger}%
\author[1]{Sebastian Dolff}%
\author[5]{Timm H. Westhoff}%
\author[1]{Hana Rohn}%
\author[2]{Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser}%
\author[3]{Ulrik Stervbo}%
\author[1]{Oliver Witzke}%
\author[2]{Christian Dohna-schwake}%
\author[3]{Nina Babel}%
\affil[1]{Universitat Duisburg-Essen Universitatsbibliothek Duisburg-Essen}%
\affil[2]{Universitat Duisburg-Essen - Campus Essen}%
\affil[3]{Universitatsklinikum der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum}%
\affil[4]{Ruhr-Universitat Bochum}%
\affil[5]{Marienhospital Herne Medizinische Klinik I Innere Medizin}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Cross-reactive cellular and humoral immunity can substantially
contribute to antiviral defense against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
(VOC). While the adult SARS-CoV-2 cellular and humoral immunity and its
cross-recognition potential against VOC is broadly analyzed, similar
data regarding the pediatric population are missing. In this study, we
perform an analysis of the humoral and cellular SARS-CoV-2 response
immune of 32 convalescent COVID-19 children (children), 27 convalescent
vaccinated adults(C+V+) and 7 unvaccinated convalescent adults (C+V-).
SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cell response is analyzed via multiparametric
flowcytometry and humoral immunity is addressed via pseudovirus
neutralization assay. Similarly to adults, a significant loss of
neutralizing capacity against delta and omicron VOC was observed 6
months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. While SAR-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity
was comparable among children and C+V- against all VOC, children
demonstrated as expected an inferior humoral response when compared to
C+V+. Nevertheless, children generated SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells with
broad cross-recognition potential. When compared to V+C+, children
presented even comparable frequencies of WT-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T
cells with high avidity. Our results suggest that following SARS-CoV-2
infection children generate a humoral SARS-CoV-2 response with
neutralizing potential comparable to unvaccinated COVID-19 convalescent
adults as well a sustained SARS-CoV-2 cellular response cross-reactive
to VOC.%
\end{abstract}%



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