Conclusion
In this study, we developed a portable, low-cost, and simple glucose monitoring device using a conductive PLA-based three-electrode electrochemical sensing system, which can be easily integrated with the OOC platform. The glucose sensor was fabricated using the FDM method, and the electrode surface was modified by coating it with Nafion/MWCNT composites to improve its stability and biocompatibility. To determine the sensitivity of the glucose biosensing device, we bioprinted a perfusion-based liver-on-a-chip (LOC) platform. The biological characterization of the LOC demonstrated the proliferation of hepatocytes along with the expression of all liver-specific genes. Finally, a drug-toxicity study of the LOC biosensor device was performed, which demonstrated its ability to measure a broad range of glucose concentrations.