Figure 5:
 
5.     Discussion.
The climate modelling analysis presented here is based on the following propositions:
1.     That Climate Science is fundamentally engaged in the study of atmospheric thermal radiant opacity.
2.     That the planet Mars when observed from space acts as a black-body thermal radiant emitter (ε=1) [14].
3.     That the surface to space atmospheric window for Mars is completely open. A comparison with the stratospheric pressure profile from the Venus carbon dioxide atmosphere demonstrates that the low-pressure carbon dioxide troposphere of Mars is fully transparent to surface thermal radiation (Figure 3).
4.     On applying the Vacuum Planet Equation (VPE) to the MY29 average annual nighttime surface temperature it is established that the surface emittance of the planet Mars is ε=0.87 (Table 8}.
5.     That because Kirchhoff’s Law applies (ε + ρ =1) it necessarily follows that all the post-albedo solar reflectance ρ from the solid surface of Mars must be absorbed by the atmosphere, otherwise the external blackbody status of the planet (ε=1) could not be achieved.
6.     That because there is a logical conflict between points #3 - full thermal radiant atmospheric transparency and #5 – full thermal radiant atmospheric opacity, it necessarily follows that there are two separate physical mechanisms in play. These are that the low-pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars is transparent to thermal radiation, while it is the dust content that generates the thermal radiant opacity of the Martian atmosphere [7].
7.     Critical to this understanding is the recognition that the absorptance of solar energy by the Martian atmosphere refers solely to the post-albedo insolation flux. It is the surface reflectance component of the pre-Albedo flux which returns directly to space that allows the surface of Mars to be observed with visible light, while it is the post-albedo component of the reflectance flux that is quenched by the dust haze in the Martian atmosphere (Figure 5).
8.     The surface radiation loss to space via the atmospheric window in the DAET model is a diabatic 50/50 partition ratio and that the atmospheric window is completely open to surface thermal radiation.
9.     That the calculated 2 Kelvin Atmospheric Thermal Effect for the planet Mars is a consequence of the infinite halves-of-halves recycling of energy flux by the atmospheric mass motion of convection between the solar heated lit surface of Mars and the unlit dark hemisphere of the planet’s nighttime surface.
10.  This infinite sum of decreasing fractional quantity retained by the circulation of the air is a direct functional equivalence to and has the same mathematical form as the radiant flux process of energy loss to space from a thermally radiant opaque atmosphere that is invoked by the standard climate model paradigm [36].
11.  The DAET modeled flux that maintains the nighttime atmosphere in balance is higher than the diurnal circulating flux (Table 11). The presence of a "stable level" flux datum for the nighttime atmospheric reservoir is confirmation of the need for the structure of the atmospheric circulation cell to be maintained against the force of gravity.
12.  That in establishing from MY29 temperature data that the surface emittance for Mars ε=0.87 it follows that the average surface temperature of the planet will be lower than the thermal emission temperature as observed from space (ε=1). This conflict in emissivity values generates the misconception of a negative greenhouse effect in the Martian atmosphere in which the surface is indeed observed to be colder than the atmosphere above it [24}.
13.  The MY29 temperature data clearly shows the presence of a boundary layer thermal inversion at the planet’s lit hemisphere surface, particularly at high latitudes with correspondingly low solar elevations (Figure 6). Surface atmosphere thermal inversions are typically a nighttime phenomenon and to observe this feature under daytime surface insolation requires explanation.
14.  It is proposed here that dust absorptance of surface reflectance during daylight captures into the surface boundary layer the solar energy required to produce the observed surface inversion (Figure 6). Consequently, the atmospheric inversion is paradoxically a feature of atmospheric solar heating by dust presence and not of surface to space radiative cooling via the atmospheric window.
15.  The structural form, seasonal variation, and physical height of the tropopause for both the Tropical and Polar cells is a manifestation of atmospheric circulation dynamics under daytime insolation forcing and dark surface radiative cooling (Figures 1,2).
16.  The focus of energy loss for the planet’s surface is located over the poles (Figure 7), with particular focus at the respective winter pole of continuous darkness (Figure 8).
17.  During each Equinox there is a symmetrical balance between the structure of the Tropical and Polar atmospheric cells (Figure 7).
18.  At the Solstice the Tropical Tropopause completely overrides the Polar Tropopause of the continuously lit pole. Note the curious feature of the night time teleconnected residual Polar Tropopause between 40oN and 55oN that is absent from this latitude during the daytime (Figure 8).