6.     Conclusions.
1.      In the low-pressure carbon dioxide atmosphere of Mars, the atmospheric window is completely open and consequently the air on Mars is fully transparent to surface to space thermal radiation.
2.      Based on the MY29 data global annual average nighttime surface air temperature of global 202.5 Kelvin and the presence of a fully open atmosphere window, the surface emittance for the planet Mars is calculated as 0.87 using the Vacuum Planet Equation.
3.      That the insolation energy flux component of the post-albedo surface reflectance is fully absorbed by the atmospheric dust opacity of the planetary surface boundary layer.
4.      That for the lit hemisphere the presence of an atmospheric inversion, whereby the temperature of the solid surface is lower than the overlying air, Is a direct consequence of the back-lighting process of the absorption of surface reflectance insolation by the dust content of the surface boundary layer.
5.      That the Atmospheric Thermal Effect, defined as the difference between the global annual average surface air temperature, and the effective planetary thermal radiant emission temperature is 2 Kelvin.
6.      That the explanation for the 2 Kelvin Atmospheric Thermal Effect is because of atmospheric dust opacity and the presence in the Martian atmosphere of a non-lossy adiabatic convection cycle that transports the captured surface tropical solar energy surplus and delivers this surplus to the polar regions of energy deficit.
7.      The concept of a negative green house effect for the planet Mars, defined as the difference between the grey-body surface emittance radiant temperature and the planetary black body emittance radiant temperature, is resolved by accounting for the role of surface reflectance in Kirchhoff’s Law and the quenching of solar back-lighting by surface boundary layer dust opacity.
8.      The application of the DAET climate model to the MY29 atmosphere temperature data demonstrates that, even in the presence of a fully gaseous transparent atmosphere, adiabatic circulation flux doubling occurs and that this non-lossy process explains the retention of thermal energy in the Martian atmosphere.
9.      The weight of the atmosphere that needs to be supported against gravity includes the dust particles present at any given time. That weight varies with the vigour of adiabatic convection. The clearer the atmosphere of dust the more the surface heats and the stronger the adiabatic convection becomes. That increased convection strength lifts more dust which cools the surface by increasing albedo until the strength reduces again and dust clears and falls back to the ground for the cycle to begin again.
10.   The effect of this cyclical atmospheric see-saw explains why the planet Mars experiences periodic planet-wide dust storms [37,38] with a potential trigger being the overwhelming and disappearance of the southern polar cell by the tropical cell soon after the southern spring equinox (Figure 2b) whereas the northern polar cell is maintained in some form during the full course of the northern hemisphere summer (Figure 1).