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\begin{document}

\title{Transition from Rain-fed to Irrigation-fed Agriculture in Rural Areas to
Exacerbate Urban Water Scarcity}



\author[1]{Lokendra Singh Rathore}%
\author[1]{Mukesh Kumar}%
\author[2]{Naota Hanasaki}%
\author[3]{Mesfin Mergia Mekonnen}%
\author[3]{Pushpendra Raghav}%
\affil[1]{University of Alabama}%
\affil[2]{National Institute for Environmental Science}%
\affil[3]{University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Irrigation expansion is often posed as a promising option to enhance
food security. Here, we assess the influence of expansion of irrigation,
primarily in rural areas of the contiguous United States (CONUS), on the
intensification and spatial proliferation of surface freshwater
scarcity. Our study shows that the rainfed to irrigation-fed (RFtoIF)
transition of water-scarce croplands can impact scarcity in both
transitioned and non-transitioned regions, with the magnitude of impact
being dependent on multiple factors including local water demand,
abstractions in the river upstream, and the buffering capacity of
ancillary water sources to cities. Overall, RFtoIF transition will
result in an additional 169.6 million hectares or 22\% of the total
CONUS land area facing moderate or severe water scarcity. Analysis of
just the 53 large urban clusters with 146 million residents shows that
the transition will result in 97 million urban population facing water
scarcity for at least one month per year on average versus 82 million
before the irrigation expansion. While these reported figures are
subject to simulation uncertainties despite efforts to exercise due
diligence, the study unambiguously underscores the need for strategies
aimed at boosting crop productivity to incorporate the effects on water
availability throughout the entire extent of the flow networks, instead
of solely focusing on the local level. The results further highlight
that if irrigation expansion is poorly managed, it may increase urban
water scarcity, thus also possibly increasing the likelihood of water
conflict between urban and rural areas.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

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\textbf{Hosted file}

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