2.1 Participants
According to G*power calculations(Faul et al., 2007), a total sample size of at least 28 individuals was required to provide sufficient power to detect a medium size effect (f = 0.25) with 80% power and a significance level of α = 0.05. We recruited Forty-two healthy male pilots (aged 21–25 years) with normal or corrected-to-normal vision participated in this study. The target population of this study is pilots, who are a special occupational group that often face high-intensity work stress and challenges. Therefore, we mainly selected male participants, as this profession is currently dominated by males. Participants all received commercial aviation licenses from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) and logged an average of more than 230 hours of flight in simulators and in real aircraft. The participants were randomly assigned to stress and control groups before the experiment, and both groups were matched on flight hours, age, and education, with 21 participants in each group. They were paid a fee after the experiment. The Ethics Committee of the Civil Aviation Flight University of China approved this study. Written informed consent was given by each participant.