2) Surface impurities of CCs
In the case of AFLMBs, the direct deposition of Li on the surface of CCs
is inevitable. However, impurities or a non-uniform native oxide layer
on the surface of CCs consumes active Li and increases the Li nucleation
barrier, resulting in adverse effects on the morphology of the initial
and subsequent growth of Li.[69] Furthermore, the
uneven surface properties of CCs can induce preferential growth of Li,
causing dendrite formation. Therefore, it is important to maintain the
surface of CCs by removing impurities and storing them to prevent
contamination to improve the reversibility of Li.