Figure 3. (A) Schematic illustration of Li metal plating on Li and Cu. (B) Voltage profiles and the corresponding pressure profiles of Cu| NCM811 and Li||NCM811. (C) Morphologies of Li plating on Cu and Li, observed by optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Reproduced with permission.[78] Copyright 2017, American Chemcial Society (F) Schematic illustration of epitaxial induced Li plating. (G) Cycling performances of 120 mA h level anode-free lithium metal battery pouch-cell with E-Cu. Reproduced with permission.[73]Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH
Figure 4. (A) Voltage profiles of Li deposition showing the interface overpotentials of bare Cu, α-PVDF, β-PVDF, and LiF@PVDF. (B) Schematic illustration of Li growth mechanisms under Li-ion depletion and mitigating the surface concentration difference during concentration polarization. Reproduced with permission. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.[101] (C) Schematic illustration of Li deposition on an electrical resistive substrate. (D) Optical image of a patterned current collectors with 50 nm Al2O3 on Cu substrate and 25 µm-sized holes that expose the underlying Cu substrate (E) SEM image of Li deposits on patterned current collectors with 0.5 mA h cm-2 and 1 mA h cm-2. (F, I) Normalized discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency of anode-free Cu||NMC 532 pouch cells. Reproduced under CC-BY.[104]