DATA AVAILABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY STATEMENT

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Source data are provided with this article. More than three independent replicate experiments were performed and the reproducibility of this research is good.
The bubble diameter distributions in Figures 10-12 are listed in Figures S1-3 of the supplementary material.
All videos are included in video.zip. The videos of bubble flow pattern in Figure 9 are Sparse bubble flow.avi, Dense bubble flow.avi, and Slug flow.avi in supplementary material. Videos of Coalescence.avi, Bubble trajectory-spiral.avi, and Bubble trajectory-straight.avi are bubble coalescence and trajectory, which are related to Figures 14 and 15.
Error bars in Figures 5, 7, 10, 11, and 12 show the spread of data observed in triplicate measurements. The air tightness of CMGD should be tested before the experiment in order to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the experiment.