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\begin{document}

\title{Dispersed Urban-Stormwater Control Improved Stream Water Quality in a
Catchment-Scale Experiment}



\author[1]{Christopher J Walsh}%
\author[1]{Moss J Imberger}%
\author[1]{Matthew J Burns}%
\author[1]{Tim D Fletcher}%
\author[2]{Darren G Bos}%
\affil[1]{University of Melbourne}%
\affil[2]{The University of Melbourne}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Traditional urban drainage degrades receiving waters. Alternative
approaches have potential to protect downstream waters, but widespread
adoption requires robust demonstration of their feasibility and
effectiveness. We conducted a catchment-scale experiment over 19 years
to assess the effect of dispersed stormwater control measures (SCMs),
measured as a reduction in effective imperviousness (EI) on stream water
quality in 6 sites on 2 streams. We compared changes in those sites over
7 years as EI decreased, to changes in the 12 preceding years, and in 3
reference and 2 control streams. SCMs reduced phosphorus concentrations
and summer temperature to reference levels in dry weather where EI was
sufficiently reduced, but effects were smaller with increased antecedent
rain. SCMs also reduced nitrogen concentrations which were influenced by
septic tank seepage in all sites. SCMs had no effect on suspended solids
concentrations, which were lower in urban than in reference streams.
SCMs increased electrical conductivity: along with reduced temperature
this is evidence of increased contribution of groundwater to baseflows.
This experiment strengthens inference that urban stormwater drainage
increases contaminant concentrations in streams, and demonstrates that
such impacts are reversible and likely preventable. Variation in degree
of water quality improvement among experimental sites suggests that
achieving reference water quality would require SCMs with large
retention capacity intercepting runoff from nearly all impervious
surfaces, thus requiring more downslope space and water demand. EI is a
useful metric for predicting stream water quality responses to SCMs,
allowing better catchment prioritization and SCM design standards for
stream protection.%
\end{abstract}%



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