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\begin{document}

\title{A Millennial-Scale Oscillation in Latitudinal Temperature Gradients
along the Western North Atlantic during the Mid-Holocene}



\author[1]{Bryan N Shuman}%
\author[1]{Ioana Cristina Stefanescu}%
\author[2]{Laurie D Grigg}%
\author[3]{David R Foster}%
\author[4]{W.Wyatt Oswald}%
\affil[1]{University of Wyoming}%
\affil[2]{Norwich University}%
\affil[3]{Harvard Forest}%
\affil[4]{Emerson College}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Changes in vegetation in North America indicate Holocene shifts in the
latitudinal temperature gradient along the western margin of the North
Atlantic. The dynamics of tree taxa such as oak (Quercus) and hickory
(Carya) showed opposing directions of change across different latitudes,
consistent with changes in temperature gradients. Pollen-inferred
temperatures from 34 sites quantify the changes and reconstruct a
long-term southward shift of the sharpest temperature gradient in winter
and a northward shift in summer. During the mid-Holocene, however, an
oscillation in tree distributions interrupted the trends indicating that
the steepest portion of the seasonal temperature gradients migrated
rapidly northward at 5.8-3.2 ka. The shift produced an unusually late
summer thermal maxima at 42-43.5\selectlanguage{ngerman}°N where oak abundance peaked both in
the early and mid-Holocene. The changes appear consistent with orbital
and ice sheet forcing as well as millennial variability in the North
Atlantic pressure field during the mid-Holocene.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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