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\begin{document}

\title{Observations of Stress-Strain in Drifting Sea Ice at Floe Scale}



\author[1,1]{Julie Parno}%
\author[2,2]{Chris M Polashenski}%
\author[3,3]{Matthew Parno}%
\author[1,1]{Tricia Nelsen}%
\author[4,4]{Andrew Richard Mahoney}%
\author[3,3]{Arnold Song}%
\affil[1]{Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory}%
\affil[2]{USACE-CRREL/Dartmouth College}%
\affil[3]{Dartmouth College}%
\affil[4]{University of Alaska Fairbanks}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The mechanical deformation of sea ice has substantial influence over
large-scale (e.g., \textgreater{} 10 km) ice properties, such as the ice
thickness distribution, as well as small-scale (e.g., \textless{} 50 m)
features, including leads and ridges. The conditions leading to sea ice
fracture are frequently studied in the context of a uniform ice sheet.
Natural sea ice, however, is highly heterogeneous and riddled with
flaws. Failure occurs primarily as brittle fracture localized in space
and time where stresses, and strain rates, locally exceed failure
criteria. Here we seek to better understand the mechanical deformation
and fracture of sea ice under such typical field conditions. In
particular, we aim to characterize how forces propagate across an
approximately 1 km\^{}2 heterogeneous domain by observing the
stress-strain field in an ice floe at resolutions required to capture
pre-fracture elastic strains. The combination of instruments deployed
allow a detailed view of the formation, propagation, parting, and
subsequent shearing of a fracture in natural sea ice, providing field
evidence of modes of failure in compressive shear. The relatively low
change in stress observed within meters of the fracture location
highlights the need for further research into disparities in sea ice
strength measurements at laboratory and field scales. The ability of
this system to capture strain concentration zones and to detect initial
fracture hours prior to lead formation indicates the potential for
predicting areas at high risk for fracture in an on-ice operational
setting.%
\end{abstract}%



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