\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Forecasting of the Thermosphere via Assimilating Electron Density and
Temperature Data}



\author[1]{Timothy Kodikara}%
\author[1]{Kefei Zhang}%
\affil[1]{RMIT University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The paper presents experiments of driving a physics-based thermosphere
model by assimilating electron density (Ne) and temperature (Tn) data
using the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter (EAKF) technique. This study
not only helps to gauge the accuracy of the assimilation, to explain the
inherent model bias, and to understand the limitations of the framework,
but it also establishes EAKF as a viable technique to forecast the
highly dynamical thermosphere using realistic data assimilation
scenarios. The results from the perfect model scenarios show that data
assimilation changes and, more often than not, improves the model state.
Data from Swarm-A, Swarm-C, CHAMP, and GRACE-A are used to validate the
resulting analysis states. Independent validation results show that the
Ne-guided thermosphere state does not outperform the model state without
data assimilation along the considered satellite orbits. This may be due
to the limited number of bonafide Ne profiles available for the
thermosphere specification tasks in the experiments. More importantly,
the results show that the Ne-guided thermosphere state does not
deteriorate much in performance during geomagnetic storm time. The
results reveal a few challenges of using Ne profiles in a hypothetical
operational data assimilation exercise. In terms of estimating the mass
density along the orbits of both CHAMP and GRACE-A satellites, the
experiment with assimilating Tn shows more promise over Ne. The results
show that the improvement gained in the overall forecasted thermosphere
state is better during solar minimum compared to that of solar maximum.
These results also provide insights into the biases inherent in the
physics-based model. The systematic biases that the paper highlight
could be an indication that the specification of plasma-neutral
interactions in the model needs further adjustments.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

