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\begin{document}

\title{How Relevant are Freshwater Ecosystems for the Global Methane Budget?}



\author[1]{Enrico Tomelleri}%
\author[1]{Sylvie Pighini}%
\author[2]{Katharina Scholz}%
\author[2]{Ruben Sommaruga}%
\author[1]{Giustino Tonon}%
\author[3]{Federico Carotenuto}%
\author[3]{Beniamino Gioli}%
\author[3]{Franco Miglietta}%
\author[3]{Alessandro Zaldei}%
\author[2]{Georg Wohlfahrt}%
\affil[1]{Free University of Bozen-Bolzano}%
\affil[2]{University of Innsbruck}%
\affil[3]{CNR National Research Council}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Lakes have a controversial climate footprint. In fact, they are a sink
of CO2 but at the same time they can be an important source of CH4.
Indeed, a global synthesis of methane emission data (Bastviken et al.,
2011) suggests that freshwater ecosystems - in particular lakes - may be
much larger sources of methane than previously thought, questioning
current methane budgets and the general role of freshwater ecosystems in
the greenhouse gas balance. The main objective of this study is to
improve data availability and quality regarding methane emissions from
lakes in the Alpine region - a region that presently is heavily
under-represented in global data sets - in order to allow a robust
assessment of their role in the global greenhouse gas balance. This is
of fundamental importance for the assessment of CH4 emissions from
regions particularly sensitive to an increasing climatic variability.
Aiming at spatial and temporal representativeness of flux measurements,
we made use of an innovative mobile eddy covariance system. We installed
the instruments on a small boat, and we performed measurements while
cruising. Meteorological and bio-physical data got recorded
simultaneously to investigate drivers of gas fluxes by means of
empirical modelling. Additionally, we made use of classical chamber
measurements for validating our approach. In this fashion, we
investigated a number of natural and man-made lakes across a transect of
two degrees of latitude across the Alps. In fact, the alpine region
provides a unique opportunity to assess the role of environmental
drivers on GHG emissions over a limited latitudinal range in an
altitude-for-time substitution manner. We repeatedly visited target
lakes across the ice-free season during the years 2018 and 2019. We
demonstrated that our method is valid for capturing methane emissions
from different pathways (diffusion but also ebullition and transport
through vegetation). We found that most of the lakes are supersaturated
and the highest emissions were measured in shallow and eutrophic lakes
at low altitude. In conclusion, with this study we were able to develop
new insights on the role of freshwater ecosystems in the global methane
budget. References: Bastviken D, Tranvik LJ, Downing JA, Crill PM,
Enrich-Prast A (2011). Freshwater methane emissions offset the
continental carbon sink. Science 331, 50.%
\end{abstract}%



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