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\begin{document}

\title{Calculating Required Purification Effort to Turn Source Water into
Drinking Water Using an Adapted CCME Water Quality Index}



\author[1]{Andre van den Doel}%
\author[2]{Geert H van Kollenburg}%
\author[2]{Thomas D.N. van Remmen}%
\author[3]{Joanne A de Jonge}%
\author[3]{Gerard J Stroomberg}%
\author[2]{Lutgarde M.C. Buydens}%
\author[2]{Jeroen J Jansen}%
\affil[1]{Radboud University Nijmegen}%
\affil[2]{Radboud University}%
\affil[3]{RIWA Rijn}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 14, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The 2000 European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) states that
`Member States shall ensure the necessary protection for the bodies of
water identified with the aim of avoiding deterioration in their quality
in order to reduce the level of purification treatment required in the
production of drinking water'. However, it does not specify how to
evaluate or quantify this level of purification treatment. The
scientific literature contains several different Water Quality Indices
(WQIs), but none are suited for this purpose. Therefore, we propose a
novel WQI that we specifically designed to quantify the level of
purification required to prepare drinking water from source water. It is
based on the WQI of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
(CCME WQI), which was chosen because it is widely accepted, can be used
with any number of input parameters, does not require expert judgement
and has been applied to assess source water quality before. We compare
measured contaminant concentrations in source water to drinking water
guidelines and additionally incorporate the resilience of contaminants
to treatment processes in the index (which is not possible in the CCME
WQI). Furthermore, we accommodate for varying sampling frequencies that
are characteristic of the ongoing monitoring programme. These changes
make our index more robust and sensitive to relevant changes in source
water quality. We calculated index scores for source water from the
Rhine and the Meuse rivers to monitor the effect of implementation of
the WFD on the effort required to produce of drinking water.%
\end{abstract}%



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\emph{Water Resources Research}

Supporting Information for

\textbf{Calculating Required Purification Effort to Turn Source Water
into Drinking Water Using an Adapted CCME Water Quality Index}

Andre van den Doel\textsuperscript{1,2}, Geert H. van
Kollenburg\textsuperscript{1,2}, Thomas D.N. van
Remmen\textsuperscript{1}, Joanne A. de Jonge\textsuperscript{3}, Gerard
J. Stroomberg\textsuperscript{3}, Lutgarde M.C.
Buydens\textsuperscript{1} and Jeroen Jansen\textsuperscript{1}

\textsuperscript{1}Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute for
Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ
Nijmegen, The Netherlands

\textsuperscript{2}TI-COAST, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands

\textsuperscript{3}RIWA-Rijn, Amperebaan 4, 3439 MH, Nieuwegein, The
Netherlands

\textbf{Contents of this file}

Figure S1 to S9

\textbf{Introduction}

This supporting information provides the influence of the 10 parameters
that had the largest influence on the PEI at each of the sampling sites
along the Rhine and Meuse (Figure 4 main text). Parameter influences are
calculated as described in section 2.4 of the main text.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

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\end{figure}

\section*{Figure S1. Parameter influence on the PEI at
Eijsden.}

{\label{figure-s1.-parameter-influence-on-the-pei-at-eijsden.}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section*{Figure S2. Parameter influence on the PEI at
Heel.}

{\label{figure-s2.-parameter-influence-on-the-pei-at-heel.}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image4/image4}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section*{Figure S3. Parameter influence on the PEI at
Brakel.}

{\label{figure-s3.-parameter-influence-on-the-pei-at-brakel.}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image5/image5}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section*{Figure S4. Parameter influence on the PEI at
Keizersveer.}

{\label{figure-s4.-parameter-influence-on-the-pei-at-keizersveer.}}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image6/image6}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S5} . Parameter influence on the PEI at Stellendam.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image7/image7}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S6} . Parameter influence on the PEI at Lobith.



\section*{Figure S7. Parameter influence on the PEI at
Nieuwegein.}

{\label{figure-s7.-parameter-influence-on-the-pei-at-nieuwegein.}}





\section*{Figure S8. Parameter influence on the PEI at
Nieuwersluis.}

{\label{figure-s8.-parameter-influence-on-the-pei-at-nieuwersluis.}}





\section*{Figure S9. Parameter influence on the PEI at
Andijk.}

{\label{figure-s9.-parameter-influence-on-the-pei-at-andijk.}}

\selectlanguage{english}
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\end{document}

