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\begin{document}

\title{The African monsoon during the early Eocene from the DeepMIP simulations}



\author[1]{Charles Williams}%
\author[1]{Daniel J. Lunt}%
\author[2]{Ulrich Salzmann}%
\author[3]{Tammo Reichgelt}%
\author[4]{Gordon N. Inglis}%
\author[5]{David R Greenwood}%
\author[6]{Wing-Le Chan}%
\author[6]{Ayako Abe-Ouchi}%
\author[7]{Yannick Donnadieu}%
\author[8]{David Hutchinson}%
\author[9]{Agatha Margaretha De Boer}%
\author[10]{Jean-Baptiste Ladant}%
\author[11]{Polina A Morozova}%
\author[12]{Igor Niezgodzki}%
\author[13]{Gregor Knorr}%
\author[1]{Sebastian Steinig}%
\author[14]{Zhang Zhong-Shi}%
\author[15]{Jiang Zhu}%
\author[16]{Matthew Huber}%
\author[17]{Bette L Otto-Bliesner}%
\affil[1]{University of Bristol}%
\affil[2]{Northumbria University}%
\affil[3]{University of Connecticut}%
\affil[4]{University of Southampton}%
\affil[5]{Brandon University}%
\affil[6]{University of Tokyo}%
\affil[7]{CEREGE (Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement)}%
\affil[8]{University of New South Wales}%
\affil[9]{Stockholm University}%
\affil[10]{Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement}%
\affil[11]{Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[12]{Institute of Geological Sciences PAN}%
\affil[13]{AWI Bremerhaven}%
\affil[14]{Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research}%
\affil[15]{National Center for Atmospheric Research}%
\affil[16]{Purdue University}%
\affil[17]{National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The early Eocene (\textasciitilde{}56-48 million years ago) is
characterised by high CO\textsubscript{2} estimates (1200-2500 ppmv) and
elevated global temperatures (\textasciitilde{}10 to 16\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C higher than
modern). However, the response of the hydrological cycle during the
early Eocene is poorly constrained, especially in regions with sparse
data coverage (e.g. Africa). Here we present a study of African
hydroclimate during the early Eocene, as simulated by an ensemble of
state-of-the-art climate models in the Deep-time Model Intercomparison
Project (DeepMIP). A comparison between the DeepMIP pre-industrial
simulations and modern observations suggests that model biases are
model- and geographically dependent, however these biases are reduced in
the model ensemble mean. A comparison between the Eocene simulations and
the pre-industrial suggests that there is no obvious wetting or drying
trend as the CO\textsubscript{2} increases. The results suggest that
changes to the land sea mask (relative to modern) in the models may be
responsible for the simulated increases in precipitation to the north of
Eocene Africa, whereas it is likely that changes in vegetation in the
models are responsible for the simulated region of drying over
equatorial Eocene Africa. There is an increase in precipitation over
equatorial and West Africa and associated drying over northern Africa as
CO\textsubscript{2} rises. There are also important dynamical changes,
with evidence that anticyclonic low-level circulation is replaced by
increased south-westerly flow at high CO\textsubscript{2} levels.
Lastly, a model-data comparison using newly-compiled quantitative
climate estimates from palaeobotanical proxy data suggests a marginally
better fit with the reconstructions at lower levels of CO2.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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