\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Resistance, recovery, and resilience: rethinking the three Rs of
survival in the Anthropocene}



\author[1]{Benjamin W. Abbott}%
\author[2]{Kristen L Underwood}%
\author[3]{Erin Cedar Seybold}%
\author[2]{Dustin Kincaid}%
\author[2]{Scott D Hamshaw}%
\author[4]{Raymond M Lee}%
\author[2]{Donna M Rizzo}%
\author[1]{Brian Brown}%
\author[2]{Regina Toolin}%
\author[5]{Jon Chorover}%
\author[6]{Li Li}%
\author[7]{Gabriel Lewis}%
\author[1]{Sayedeh Sara Sayedi}%
\author[8]{Samuel St. Clair}%
\author[9]{Rachel L. Buck}%
\author[10]{Zachary Aanderud}%
\author[11]{Janice L Brahney}%
\author[12]{Ryan S. Nixon}%
\author[13]{Weihong Wang}%
\author[14]{Cally Flox}%
\author[2]{Julia N Perdrial}%
\affil[1]{Brigham Young University}%
\affil[2]{University of Vermont}%
\affil[3]{Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas}%
\affil[4]{Brigham Young Univeristy}%
\affil[5]{University of Arizona}%
\affil[6]{Pennsylvania State University}%
\affil[7]{University of Nevada, Reno}%
\affil[8]{Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences}%
\affil[9]{B10Brigham Young University, Department of Biology}%
\affil[10]{Unknown}%
\affil[11]{Utah State University}%
\affil[12]{Brigham Young University, Department of Teacher Education}%
\affil[13]{Utah Valley University, Department of Earth Science}%
\affil[14]{Brigham Young University, McKay School of Education, CITES Department}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The concepts of resistance, recovery, and resilience are in diverse
fields from behavioral psychology to planetary ecology. These ``three
Rs'' describe some of the most important properties allowing complex
systems to survive in dynamic environments. However, in many
fields---including ecology---our ability to predict resistance, recovery
and resilience remains limited. Here, we propose new disturbance
terminology and describe a unifying definition of resistance, recovery,
and resilience. We distinguish functional disturbances that affect
short-term ecosystem processes from structural disturbances that alter
the state factors of ecosystem development. We define resilience as the
combination of resistance and recovery---i.e., the ability of a system
to maintain its state by withstanding disturbance or rapidly recovering
from it. In the Anthropocene, humans have become dominant drivers of
many ecosystem processes and nearly all the state factors influencing
ecosystem development. Consequently, the resilience of an individual
ecological parameter is not an inherent attribute but a function of
linkages with other biological, chemical, physical, and especially
social parameters. Because every ecosystem experiences multiple,
overlapping disturbances, a multidimensional resilience approach is
needed that considers both ecosystem structure (configuration of
linkages) and disturbance regime. We explore these concepts with a few
case studies and recommend analytical tools and community-based
approaches to strengthen ecosystem resilience. Disregarding cultural and
social dimensions of disturbance regimes and ecosystem structures leads
to undesirable outcomes, particularly in our current context of
intensifying socioecological crises. Consequently, cultivating
reciprocal relationships with natural disturbance regimes and ecosystem
structures is crucial to Earth stewardship in the Anthropocene.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

