\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Intermodel spread in Walker circulation responses linked to spread in
moist stability and radiation responses}



\author[1,2]{Margaret L Duffy}%
\author[2]{Paul A O'Gorman}%
\affil[1]{National Center for Atmospheric Research}%
\affil[2]{Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The response of the Pacific Walker circulation (WC) to long-term warming
remains uncertain. Here, we diagnose contributions to the WC response in
comprehensive and idealized general circulation model (GCM) simulations.
We find that the spread in WC response is substantial across both the
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the Atmospheric Model
Intercomparison Project (AMIP) models, implicating differences in
atmospheric models in the spread in projected WC strength. Using a moist
static energy (MSE) budget, we evaluate the contributions to changes in
the WC strength related to changes in gross moist stability (GMS),
horizontal MSE advection, radiation, and surface fluxes. We find that
the multimodel mean WC weakening is mostly related to changes in GMS and
radiation. Furthermore, the \emph{spread} in WC response is related to
the spread in GMS and radiation responses. The GMS response is
potentially sensitive to parameterized convective entrainment which can
affect lapse rates and the depth of convection. We thus investigate the
role of entrainment in setting the GMS response by varying the
entrainment rate in an idealized GCM. The idealized GCM is run with a
simplified Betts-Miller convection scheme, modified to represent
entrainment. The weakening of the WC with warming in the idealized GCM
is dampened when higher entrainment rates are used. However, the spread
in GMS responses due to differing entrainment rates is much smaller than
the spread in GMS responses across CMIP6 models. Therefore, further work
is needed to understand the large spread in GMS responses across CMIP6
and AMIP models.~%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

