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\begin{document}

\title{Bayesian filtering in incoherent scatter plasma parameter fits}



\author[1,1,1]{Ilkka I. Virtanen}%
\author[1,1,1]{Habtamu W. Tesfaw}%
\author[2,2,2]{Lassi Roininen}%
\author[1,1,1]{Sari Lasanen}%
\author[1,1,1]{Anita T. Aikio}%
\affil[1]{University of Oulu}%
\affil[2]{Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Incoherent scatter (IS) radars are invaluable instruments for
ionospheric physics, since they observe altitude profiles of electron
density (Ne), electron temperature (Te), ion temperature (Ti) and
line-of-sight plasma velocity (Vi) from ground. However, the
temperatures can be fitted to the observed IS spectra only when the ion
composition is known, and resolutions of the fitted plasma parameters
are often insufficient for auroral electron precipitation, which
requires high resolutions in both range and time. The problem of unknown
ion composition has been addressed by means of the full-profile
analysis, which assumes that the plasma parameter profiles are smooth in
altitude, or follow some predefined shape. In a similar manner, one
could assume smooth time variations, but this option has not been used
in IS analysis. We propose a plasma parameter fit technique based on
Bayesian filtering, which we have implemented as an additional Bayesian
Filtering Module (BAFIM) in the GUISDAP analysis package. BAFIM allows
us to control gradients in both time and range directions for each
plasma parameter separately. With BAFIM we can fit F1 region ion
composition together with Ne, Te, Ti, and Vi, and we have reached 4
s/900 m time/range steps in four-parameter fits of Ne, Te, Ti and Vi in
E region observations of auroral electron precipitation.%
\end{abstract}%



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