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\begin{document}

\title{Why is El Ni\selectlanguage{ngerman}ño warm?\selectlanguage{english}}



\author[1]{Allison Hogikyan}%
\author[1]{Laure Resplandy}%
\author[1]{Stephan Fueglistaler}%
\affil[1]{Princeton University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 18, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The geographic rearrangement of the tropical oceanic and atmospheric
circulation during an El Ni\selectlanguage{ngerman}ño event is associated with a well-understood
strong surface warming of the climatologically cold eastern equatorial
Pacific. However, the concomitant warming of the warmest waters where
deep convection occurs - responsible for the tropics-wide free
tropospheric warming- is less well understood. Here, we show that in
both a coupled atmosphere-ocean climate model and in reanalysis data, El
Niño is associated with an increase in evaporation over the colder
\textasciitilde{}70\%, but with a decrease in evaporation over the
warmest \textasciitilde{}30\% of the tropical oceans where atmospheric
deep convection connects the surface with the free troposphere. The
reduction in evaporation is driven by a weakening of the near-surface
winds. We propose that the prominent tropics-wide warming during El Niño
is a consequence of the reduction of near-surface winds in regions of
deep convection due to the anomalous large-scale circulation.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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\selectlanguage{english}
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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/sstbudget-percentiley/sstbudget-percentiley}

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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
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\end{center}
\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
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\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/lhcomponents-eraandflor/lhcomponents-eraandflor}

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\end{figure}\selectlanguage{english}
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\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/sstbudget-percentiley-nina/sstbudget-percentiley-nina}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\selectlanguage{english}
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\end{document}

