\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Rainfall as a Driver for Near-Surface Turbulence and Air-Water Gas
Exchange in Aquatic Systems}



\author[1]{Eliana Bohórquez-Bedoya}%
\author[2]{Lorenzo Rovelli}%
\author[3]{Andreas Lorke}%
\affil[1]{Universidad Nacional de Colombia}%
\affil[2]{Universität Koblenz-Landau}%
\affil[3]{University of Koblenz and Landau}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Gas exchange at air-water interfaces is regulated by near-surface
turbulence and can be controlled by different atmospheric forcing
conditions, with wind speed and surface buoyancy flux being the most
recognized drivers in empirical studies and modeling approaches. The
effect of rainfall on near-surface turbulence has rarely been studied
and a consistent relationship between rain rate and near-surface
turbulence has not yet been established. In this study, we explore the
influence of rain on near-surface turbulence and gas transfer velocities
over a wide range of rain rates (7 to 90 mm h\textsuperscript{-1}) under
laboratory conditions, using particle image velocimetry measurements and
dissolved oxygen as a gas tracer. The rain-induced dissipation rates of
turbulent kinetic energy declined with depth following a consistent
power-law relationship. Both energy dissipation rates and gas transfer
velocity increased systematically with the rainfall rate. The results
confirm the causal relationships between rainfall, turbulence, and gas
exchange. In addition, we propose a power-law relationship between
near-surface turbulent dissipation rates and rain rate. In combination
with surface renewal theory, we derived a direct relationship between
gas transfer velocity and rain rate, which can be used to assess the
importance of short-term drivers, such as rain events, on gas dynamics
and biogeochemical cycling in aquatic ecosystems.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10509986.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/549215/articles/603400-rainfall-as-a-driver-for-near-surface-turbulence-and-air-water-gas-exchange-in-aquatic-systems}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/table-1/table-1}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

