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\begin{document}

\title{Characterizing ocean kinematics from surface drifters}



\author[1]{Sebastian Essink}%
\author[2]{Verena Hormann}%
\author[3]{Luca R. Centurioni}%
\author[4]{Amala Mahadevan}%
\affil[1]{University of Washington/ Applied Physics Laboratory}%
\affil[2]{Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego}%
\affil[3]{Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California - San Diego}%
\affil[4]{Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute}%


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  \date{June 16, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Kinematic properties, such as the vorticity, divergence, and rate of
strain, describe the evolution of velocity and encapsulate the rate of
deformation and rotation of a fluid parcel. Kinematic properties are
particularly important in submesoscale flows, where the Rossby number
\$Ro\$ becomes \$\textbackslash{}mathcal\{O\}\$(1). However, since
submesoscale flows are typically highly anisotropic, evolving over
timescales of hours to days and over length scales of
\$\textbackslash{}mathcal\{O\}\$(0.1-20) km, their velocity and velocity
gradients are challenging to observe from contemporary measurement
platforms. With increasing quantity and quality of Lagrangian drifter
observations, we here study the velocity gradient estimation from swarms
of drifters. First, by simulating drifter swarms, we quantify the
sources of uncertainty in the velocity gradient calculation associated
with the deformation of drifter swarms using a bootstrap approach and
determine the ideal parameter space for the application to observed
trajectories. We then apply the most robust method - a two-dimensional,
linear least-squares fit of the swarm velocity field - to a drifter
dataset from the Bay of Bengal. The drifter-estimated vorticity,
divergence, and lateral strain rate reflect the presence of a cyclonic
mesoscale eddy, frontal circulation as well as banded patterns that are
likely generated by turbulent thermal wind. The distributions and
magnitudes of the kinematic properties suggest the presence of
submesoscale flows associated with a strong freshwater-dominated density
front. Understanding and improving methods for multi-drifter
observations are timely challenges which will help design future drifter
experiments with the goal of observing two-dimensional divergence and
vorticity in submesoscale flows.%
\end{abstract}%



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