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\begin{document}

\title{Topology and pressure distribution reconstruction of an englacial
channel}



\author[1]{Laura Piho}%
\author[2]{Andreas Alexander}%
\author[3]{Maarja Kruusmaa}%
\affil[1]{Tallinn University of Technology}%
\affil[2]{University of Oslo}%
\affil[3]{Tallinna Tehnikaülikool,Tallinna Tehnikaülikool}%


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  \date{June 08, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Glacial hydrology describes the way water moves over, through and under
glaciers. Meltwater flows every summer over the surface of glaciers and
ice sheets, creating pathways down to below the surface, eventually
reaching the glacier bed and thereby influencing ice motion. Glacier and
ice sheet models, trying to predict their future sea-level rise
contribution, need to therefore be able to properly describe glacial
hydrological processes. However, the current knowledge in the field is
still limited due to the lack of measurement technology for subsurface
in situ flow observations. Here we present a measurement method that
allows to reconstruct planar subsurface water flow paths and spatially
reference water pressures therein. The approach uses inertial
measurements from submersible sensing drifters and reconstructs the flow
path from given start and end coordinates. Validation cases show an
average error of 3.90 m compared to GNSS reference. We showcase this
method by reconstructing the flow path and the spatial water pressure
distribution of an englacial channel on Austre Br\selectlanguage{ngerman}øggerbreen (Svalbard).
The average error of the reconstruction is thereby 12.1 m and the
average pressure error 3.4 mbar (0.3\%). Our method will allow to study
en- and subglacial flow paths and the pressure distribution therein,
thereby allowing for model validation and activation. Further on, our
method also allows to reconstruct other subsurface fluid flow paths,
when a global spatial reference (e.g. GNSS) is not available.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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