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\begin{document}

\title{Two-moment bulk cloud microphysics with prognostic precipitation in the
GFDL CM4.0 model: Performance and simulation characteristics}



\author[1]{Huan Guo}%
\author[2]{Yi Ming}%
\author[3]{Song-Miao Fan}%
\author[4]{Andrew T. Wittenberg}%
\author[5]{Rong Zhang}%
\author[5]{Ming Zhao}%
\author[2]{Linjiong Zhou}%
\affil[1]{NOAA/GFDL}%
\affil[2]{Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory}%
\affil[3]{National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)}%
\affil[4]{NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory}%
\affil[5]{GFDL/NOAA}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We describe the model performance and simulation characteristics of a
new global coupled climate model configuration, CM4-MG2. Beginning with
the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's fourth-generation physical
climate model (CM4.0), we incorporate a two-moment Morrison-Gettelman
bulk cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic precipitation (MG2), and
a mineral dust and temperature-dependent cloud ice nucleation scheme. We
then conduct and analyze a set of fully coupled
atmosphere-ocean-land-sea ice simulations, following Coupled Model
Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) protocols. CM4-MG2 generally
captures CM4.0's baseline simulation characteristics, but with several
improvements, including better marine stratocumulus clouds off the west
coasts of Africa and North and South America, a reduced bias toward
``double'' Intertropical Convergence Zones south of the equator, and a
stronger Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). Some degraded features are
also identified, including excessive Arctic sea ice extent and a
stronger-than-observed El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Compared to
CM4.0, the climate sensitivity is reduced by about 10\textbackslash{}\%
in CM4-MG2.%
\end{abstract}%



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