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\begin{document}

\title{Characterizing lithological, weathering, and hydrothermal alteration
influences on volcanic}



\author[1]{Lauren Schaefer}%
\author[2]{Gabor Kereszturi}%
\author[1]{Ben Kennedy}%
\author[3]{Marlène Villeneuve}%
\affil[1]{University of Canterbury}%
\affil[2]{Massey University}%
\affil[3]{Montanuniversität Leoben}%


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  \date{June 13, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The geomechanical characterization of volcanic material has important
implications 16 for geothermal and mineral exploration, engineering
design, geophysical signals of volcano 17 unrest, and models of
instability and mass flows. Chemical weathering and hydrothermal 18
systems can alter the host rock, leading to changes in mechanical
behavior and failure mode. 19 Here, we compare the physical and
mechanical properties of lava, autoclastic breccia, and 20 pyroclastic
(scoria) samples from Mt. Ruapehu volcano in New Zealand to
mineralogical 21 composition determined via infrared spectroscopy and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 22 energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (EDS). Laboratory-based spectroscopy shows that the 23
samples contain absorption features indicative of Al-rich hydrous
phyllosilicates, Fe-and Mg-24 rich varieties, and sulfates attributed to
surface weathering, supergene, and steam-heated 25 alteration. We find
that porosity and primary lithology (i.e. sample origin) is the
predominant 26 control on physical and mechanical properties, followed
by the pervasiveness of 27 weathering/alteration, and then mineralogical
composition. Several properties, such as porosity, 28 uniaxial
compressive strength, P-wave seismic velocity, density, and Young's
modulus, show 29 strong linear and exponential correlations to other
properties, indicating the potential for transfer 30 functions between
these properties. Samples near the active hydrothermal system with high
31 intensity hydrothermal alteration do not follow typical physical and
mechanical property trends 32 due to high clay content, low
permeability, and low strength. The presence of these rocks within 33
the edifice at Mt. Ruapehu implies local barriers to fluid flow and
subsequent pore pressure 34 variation, and producing anomalously shallow
brittle-ductile transition zones. Additionally, 35 material in the upper
conduit area of Mt. Ruapehu could be over three times weaker than
typical 36 porosity-strength trends observed in surface rocks,
increasing the likelihood of structural 37 collapse. Trends in the
pervasiveness of weathering with physical and mechanical properties 38
suggest that it may be possible to extrapolate these properties from
imaging spectroscopy, which 39 could be used to create spatially
distributed geotechnical maps in volcanic environments. 40 41 Keywords:
uniaxial compressive strength, permeability, porosity, triaxial
compressive strength, 42 intact rock mi, andesite, failure mode,
hydrothermal alteration, weathering, argillic alteration 43 44 45 46
Confidential manuscript submitted to Engineering Geology%
\end{abstract}%



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