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\begin{document}

\title{Phytoplankton Blooms Under Antarctic Sea Ice}



\author[1,1,1]{Christopher Horvat}%
\author[2,2,2]{Sarah Seabrook}%
\author[2,2,2]{Antonia Cristi}%
\author[3,3,3]{Lisa Matthes}%
\author[4,4,4]{Kelsey M Bisson}%
\affil[1]{Brown University}%
\affil[2]{National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research}%
\affil[3]{University of Manitoba}%
\affil[4]{Oregon State University}%


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  \date{June 08, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Areas covered in compact sea ice are often assumed to prohibit upper
ocean photosynthesis. Yet under-ice phytoplankton blooms (UIBs) have
increasingly been observed in the Arctic, driven by anthropogenic
changes to the optical properties of Arctic sea ice. Here we show the
Southern Ocean can also support widespread UIBs. Using under ice-enabled
BGC-Argo float data, we detail numerous high phytoplankton biomass
events below compact sea ice preceding seasonal ice retreat, and
classify 12 distinct UIB events. Using joint light, sea ice, and ocean
conditions obtained from the ICESat-2 laser altimeter and 11 climate
model contributions to CMIP6, we find that more than 4 million square
kilometers of the compact-ice-covered Southern Ocean could support these
events in late spring and early summer.%
\end{abstract}%



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